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Nutraceutical’s Role in Proliferation and Prevention of Colorectal Cancer
Published in Sheeba Varghese Gupta, Yashwant V. Pathak, Advances in Nutraceutical Applications in Cancer, 2019
Mayur M. Patel, Shruti U. Rawal, Jayvadan K. Patel
Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid that is derived from roots, rhizomes, stems, and bark of goldenseal, barberry, and oregon grape. Several clinical studies have exhibited the application of berberine in treatment and prevention of CRC. Berberine was found to execute its anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis through cell-cycle arrest at G2/M phase, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, cyt c release, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and c-IAP1 suppression, activation of caspases, and PARP cleavage [90,91]. JNK and p38 MAPK phosphorylation, increase in FasL and t-BID levels, and ROS generation also contribute to its apoptotic activity. Moreover, it was found to reduce incidences of drug resistance by inhibition of P-gp 170 expression and inhibition of arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity in a human colon tumor cell line [92,93]. Berberine was observed to inhibit increment in lipid peroxidation and protein-bound carbohydrate levels in addition to its enhanced antioxidant status in an AOM-induced colon cancer rat model [94]. Berberine also selectively inhibited COX-2-activity-mediated neoplastic transformation in AOM-induced rat colon carcinogenesis without affecting COX-1 activity [95].
Mycobacterium tuberculosis – The Organism
Published in Peter D O Davies, Stephen B Gordon, Geraint Davies, Clinical Tuberculosis, 2014
This is a pro-drug requiring oxidative activation by the mycobacterial catalase-peroxidase enzyme KatG. The most frequent mutations determining isoniazid resistance occur in the katG gene, but resistance is also due to mutations in the inhA locus or its promoter region and in the intergenic region of the oxyR-ahpC locus. The inhA locus codes for the enzyme enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase are involved in mycolic acid synthesis and is a target for isoniazid. The oxyR-ahpC locus is, like the katG locus, involved in protection against oxidative stress, but it is not clear why mutations in this locus cause resistance to isoniazid. In addition, mycobacteria possess a polymorphic arylamine N-acetyltransferase enzyme involved in mycolic acid synthesis that, by local acetylation of INH, may contribute to resistance to this agent [68]. The relative frequency of the various mutations conferring resistance to isoniazid vary according to the genotypes, described earlier, of M. tuberculosis and therefore show geographical differences in their distribution [69].
NAT1 genotypic and phenotypic contribution to urinary bladder cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2018
Hassan R. Dhaini, Bassam El Hafi, Assem M. Khamis
The search strategy revolved around two concepts: BCa and NAT1. The search was designed to be comprehensive for each concept separately and combined. Searched databases included the following: Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, OpenGrey, and Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE). For each database, the search query was modified to comply with the search engine’s software. Searches were variations of the Medline strategy, which was as follows:acetyltransferases/or exp amino-acid n-acetyltransferase/or exp arylalkylamine n-acetyltransferase/or exp arylamine n-acetyltransferase/or exp n-terminal acetyltransferases/acetyltransferase*.mp.nat1.mp.nat-1.mp.(acetylat* adj2 enzyme*).mp.(arylamine* adj2 (n-acetylation* or o-acetylation*)).mp.1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6((urinar* or bladder* or urothel* or urogen* or papillar* or squam* or (small adj2 cell*) or (transition* adj2 cell*)) adj2 (cancer* or neoplasm* or tumo?r* or carcinoma* or malignan* or adenocarcinoma* or adeno-carcinoma* or adenosarcoma* or adeno-sarcoma* or sarcoma* or adenoma*)).mp.adenocarcinoma/or exp carcinoma, papillary/or exp carcinoma, small cell/or exp carcinoma, squamous cell/or exp carcinoma, transitional cell/or exp neoplasms, squamous cell/or exp urinary bladder neoplasms/8 or 97 and 10