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The Journey through the Gene: a Focus on Plant Anti-pathogenic Agents Mining in the Omics Era
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
José Ribamar Costa Ferreira-Neto, Éderson Akio Kido, Flávia Figueira Aburjaile, Manassés Daniel da Silva, Marislane Carvalho Paz de Souza, Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon
In turn, antifungal activities are widely reported (Barile et al. 2007; Porsche et al. 2017), and the antibiosis mechanism is clarified. The primary mode of saponin antifungal action involves pore formation and loss of membrane integrity, which cause fungal cell death. The deleterious effect is associated with a complex formation between saponin and ergosterol, the major fungal membrane sterol (Weete 1989; Bonanomi et al. 2009). As ergosterol is not present in plants, these complexes do not form, so phytotoxicity is avoided in plant cells.
Infectious Diseases
Published in Lyle D. Broemeling, Bayesian Analysis of Infectious Diseases, 2021
Certain antibiotics such as penicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline are very effective against bacterial infections. The designation “antibiotic” is based on the concept of antibiosis, or the use of substances made by one living thing to kill another. Antibiotics are made by bacteria and molds that are specially cultured by commercial drug laboratories. Antibiotics kill bacteria and other disease organisms in a variety of ways. For example, some destroy cell walls, while others interfere with the multiplication of bacteria or fatally alter the way the bacteria manufacture vital proteins. Still others mix up the genetic plan of the bacteria. Ordinarily, an antibiotic tricks bacteria into using the antibiotic’s chemicals instead of closely related ones that organisms really need for making the key enzymes required for their growth and reproduction. With the antibiotic assimilated into their systems, instead of vital chemicals, an essential activity or structure of the pathogens is lacking and they die.
Azathioprine Immunotherapy for Insulin Dependent Diabetes: U. S. Trials
Published in George S. Eisenbarth, Immunotherapy of Diabetes and Selected Autoimmune Diseases, 2019
Silverstein Janet, Maclaren Noel
If a patient developed fever greater than 101°F, azathioprine was discontinued for 2 to 3 days until the fever subsided, and then the previous dose resumed. All patients had complete blood counts during intercurrent febrile illnesses. Patients with more than 2 febrile illnesses in 1 month were placed on prophylactic Septra antibiosis once a day.
Proximal junctional kyphosis following T10-pelvis fusion presenting with neurologic compromise: case presentations and review of the literature
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2020
Matthew Piazza, Patricia Zadnik Sullivan, Peter Madsen, Marc Branche, Brendan McShane, Anissa Saylany, Nikhil Sharma, Vincent Arlet, Ali Ozturk
Her postoperative course was complicated by hardware infection requiring reoperation and closure with a vacuum assisted wound closure device and muscle flap reconstruction. She required placement of an intravenous line for long term antibiosis. Despite optimal medical therapy, she presented three months after surgery with persistent fevers as well as worsening pain after sustaining several falls at home. She was found to have an abscess deep within the surgical cavity as well as fracture of T9 and T10 with cord compression (Figure 4(C)). She returned to the operating room for washout, extension of instrumentation and fusion to T2 and decompression at T9–T10, as well as placement of a four-rod construct (Figure 4(D,E)). After extension of her fusion, she did not require further surgical revision, however she remains on chronic suppressive antibiotic therapy at 2 years postop. Postoperatively her SVA was 6cm and her postoperative LL was 30°.
Reliability of antioxidant potential and in vivo compatibility with extremophilic actinobacterial-mediated magnesium oxide nanoparticle synthesis
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Kavitha Kandiah, Thenmozhi Jeevanantham, Balagurunathan Ramasamy
Salem magnesite reserves are unique for their cryptocrystalline structure, which is best suited for manufacturing refractory bricks. Magnesite of the Salem region is relatively low in calcium oxide and high in silica content [12]. The mineral composition of magnesite mine contains magnesite-rich ultra-basic and low concentration of silicon oxide (SiO2), 2.38%; aluminium oxide (Al2O3), 0.10%; ferric oxide (Fe2O3), 0.08%; ferrous oxide (FeO), 0.06%;calcium oxide (CaO), 0.42%; and MgO, 46.35%. Magnesite deposits cover an area of ∼5000 km; the pH of the soil is alkaline; and the temperature is high and dry in plains. In addition, the microorganism existing in the magnesite soil has special abilities to survive in the extremophilic environment. Among them, actinobacteria reside in a unique state due to their high G + C content and their ability to produce a variety of bioactive secondary metabolites [12–14]. The extremophilic actinobacteria show several adaptive strategies such as antibiosis, switching between different metabolic modes (i.e. autotrophy, heterotrophy and saprobes), and production of specific enzymes to survive under unfavourable environmental conditions. Actinobacteria are an ecologically important group and widely found in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems that play an important role in several biological processes such as biogeochemical cycles, bioremediation [14,15], bioweathering and plant growth promotion [16]. Many researchers have synthesized silver and gold NPs using actinobacteria [14–17].
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia biofilm: its role in infectious diseases
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Samantha Flores-Treviño, Paola Bocanegra-Ibarias, Adrián Camacho-Ortiz, Rayo Morfín-Otero, Humberto Antonio Salazar-Sesatty, Elvira Garza-González
In a search for a research model that mimicked biofilm found in the respiratory tract of immunocompromised patients (e.g. multispecies biofilm), a mixed biofilm of S. maltophilia and Aspergillus fumigatus fungus was assessed [85]. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to visualize biofilm structures such as an extracellular matrix embedded with fungal hyphae and bacteria. Additionally, S. maltophilia had an antibiosis effect on A. fumigatus, marked by decreased fungus growth and thickened fungal cell walls. This antibiosis effect was also strain dependent: S. maltophilia clinical strains isolated from humans produced higher fungal growth inhibition and hyphal phenotype modification in the mixed biofilm than those isolated from animals or the environment [86]. On yeast Candida albicans, S. maltophilia causes interference of yeast-to-hyphal transition and biofilm formation via DSF synthesis [87]. These studies suggest that S. maltophilia behaves differently in multispecies biofilm, depending on the type of species present. S. maltophilia exerts a negative influence on fungus and yeast biofilm production, but in contact with other bacteria, such as P. aeruginosa, biofilm formation is promoted.