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Introduction
Published in Brijesh Kumar, Vikas Bajpai, Vikaskumar Gond, Subhashis Pal, Naibedya Chattopadhyay, Phytochemistry of Plants of Genus Cassia, 2021
Brijesh Kumar, Vikas Bajpai, Vikaskumar Gond, Subhashis Pal, Naibedya Chattopadhyay
Traditionally, the leaves of Cassia species are popular as potherb. It is used as a natural pesticide in the organic farms of India. It has been reported that Cassia species contain chrysophanic acid-9-anthrone which is an important fungicide. The intake of these seeds can cure skin diseases like ringworm, itch and psoriasis. These herbal seeds can also remove intense heat from the liver and improve the acuity of sight and loosen the bowels to relieve constipation. The leaves contain anthraquinones and are employed in weak decoction for treating childhood teething, fever and constipation. The paste of the ground, dried root is used in Ayurveda to treat ringworm and snakebite (Shivjeet et al., 2013).
Emerging Highlights on Natural Prodrug Molecules with Multifarious Therapeutic Perspectives
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar, A. K. Haghi, Applied Pharmaceutical Practice and Nutraceuticals, 2021
Mojabir Hussen Ansari, Vaibhav Shende, Debarshi Kar Mahapatra
Barbaloin (10-β-D-glucopyranosyl-1,8-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-9-(10H)-anthracenore) is a main bioactive compound in Aloe Vera (Liliaceous plant family). It is a cactus-like plant that grows in hot, dry climates.40 The word “Aloe” derives from the Arabic word “Alloeh” meaning shining sour substance while “Vera” in Latin means true. There are more than 300 species of Aloe plant, but Aloe barbadensis species has the greatest medicinal properties.41. Barbaloin, also known as aloin, has diverse pharmacological effects that include anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antitumor, purgative, and antiprotozoal effects.42. The purgative movement of barbaloin is triggered with the aid of Eubacterium sp., which converts barbaloin to aloe-emodin anthrone. Barbaloin inhibits the rat colonic Na+-K+-ATPase in vitro and improved paracellular permeability across the rat colonic mucosa in vivo.. Barbaloin pretreatment attenuates the myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and restores infarction size.44.
Pharmacological actions of chemical constituents
Published in C. P. Khare, Evidence-based Ayurveda, 2019
Anthraquinones usually occur in plants as glycosides; for example, the sennosides from senna (Cassia species) are O-glycosides and the aloins from Aloe are C-glycosides. The cascarosides from cascara (Rhamnus purshiana) are unusual molecules in that they are C,O-glycosides, having one glucose linked to a central anthrone via a carbon atom and a second glucose linked via oxygen. If aglycones do occur in dried herbs, they are always anthraquinones; anthrones are too unstable in the free state. Dianthrone glycosides such as the sennosides are not found in the living plant, being formed on harvesting and drying from monomeric anthrone glycosides. Anthraquinone derivatives do not appear to be teratogenic. No stimulating effect on uterine contractions or other side effects relevant to pregnancy were noted when senna laxatives were used in normal dose during pregnancy. Long term use is not advised.
Inhibition of biofilm formation and virulence factors of cariogenic oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans by natural flavonoid phloretin
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Lucille Rudin, Michael M. Bornstein, Viktoriya Shyp
The effect of 100 μg/ml and 200 μg/ml of phloretin on water-soluble glucan (WSG) and water-insoluble glucan (WIG) production was estimated by the anthrone-sulphuric methods as described previously [46] with modifications. Briefly, a fresh S. mutans culture (OD600 = 0.5–0.6) was diluted in 24-well plates in BHIS with phloretin. Biofilm was formed for 24 h at 37°C. After incubation, the culture medium was removed, and the biofilm was carefully rinsed with sterile PBS. One millilitre of sterile water was added to each well, and the biofilm was scraped from the bottom of the well with a sterile spatula. Water-soluble glucan from the suspension was dissolved by vigorous vortexing. The suspension was centrifuged at 6,000 g for 10 min, and the supernatant was collected in a separate tube for WSG measurement. WIGs was extracted from the cell sediment in 2 ml of 0.4 M NaOH with constant agitation for 2 h at 37°C. After incubation, cells were collected by centrifugation (6,000 g, 10 min). Supernatants from aqueous and alkaline extraction were mixed with 3 volumes of anthrone-sulfuric acid reagent and heated at 95°C for 6 min. The absorbance at 625 nm was measured in a 96-well plate using a microplate reader (Synergy HTX, Biotek, Agilent Technologies, Basel, Switzerland). The concentrations of WSG and WIG were calculated according to the standard curve prepared with the glucose standards (Figure S4). The experiment was performed in triplicates (independent bacterial cultures). Biofilm formed in BHIS with 5% DMSO was used as a negative control.
Assessment of antidiabetic potential of Musa acuminata peel extract and its fractions in experimental animals and characterisation of its bioactive compounds by HPTLC
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Navghare Vijay, Dhawale Shashikant, Phanse Mohini
One microlitre of above filtrate was taken in a tube, added 5 ml of 95% ethanol, mixed the mixture vigorously and allowed to stand overnight at room temperature. After completion of precipitation centrifugation of the content at 3000 rpm for 15 min was carried out.The clear liquid was gently decanted and the tube was allowed to dry in an inverted position for 10 min. Dissolved the pellet in a tube with 2 ml of water and add 10 ml of anthrone reagent with vigorous shaking. The tube was placed in cold water for a few minutes and then immersed in boiling water above the mixture level for 15 min, then removed and placed in cold water bath and cooled to room temperature. Optical density was measured using colorimeter at 620 nm.Blank solution: 2 mL water and 10 mL of anthrone reagent.Standard solution: 2 mL of standard glucose (0.1 mg) solution and 10 mL of anthrone reagent.
Evaluation of the effects of bredemolic acid on selected markers of glucose homeostasis in diet-induced prediabetic rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Akinjide Moses Akinnuga, Angezwa Siboto, Bongiwe Khumalo, Ntethelelo Hopewell Sibiya, Phikelelani Ngubane, Andile Khathi
Glycogen assay was determined in skeletal muscle by following previously established protocols (Musabayane et al. 2005, Mukundwa et al. 2016, Gamede et al. 2018). The harvested tissues were weighed (50 mg) and heated with potassium hydroxide (KOH) (30%, 2 ml) for 30 min at 100 °C. Immediately, 0.194 ml of 10% of sodium tetraoxosulphate VI (Na2SO4) was added into the mixture to stop the reaction. When the mixture was allowed to cool, the glycogen precipitate was formed. 200 µl of the cooled mixture with the precipitate was aspirated and mixed with ethanol (95%, 200 µl). The precipitated glycogen was pelleted, washed and resolubilised in H2O (1 ml). Thereafter, 4 ml of anthrone (0.5 g dissolved in 250 ml of 95% sulphuric acid) was added and boiled for 10 min. After cooling, the absorbance was determined by using the Spectrostar Nano spectrophotometer (BMG Labtech, Ortenburg, Germany) at 620 nm.