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Placental Abruption
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Obstetric Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Routine delivery at 39 weeks may reduce the risk of placental abruption in a low-risk population [62]. This secondary analysis of data from a multicenter RCT of aminosalicylic acid (ASA) for reduction of preeclampsia risk found that over 30% of placental abruptions occurred at 39 weeks and beyond.
The Golden Age of Medicine?
Published in Roger Cooter, John Pickstone, Medicine in the Twentieth Century, 2020
Allan M. Brandt, Martha Gardner
Soon after scientists came to appreciate penicillin, soil biologist Selman Waksman and his colleagues identified another fungal agent, streptomycin, in 1943. This substance was demonstrated to be effective against tuberculosis first in animals, then in humans. Despite the dramatic success of streptomycin in many cases, some infections proved recalcitrant, and patients relapsed. The addition of new agents such as para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) and isoniazid by the late 1940s offered the possibility of combination therapies which proved to be remarkably successful in treating tuberculosis. Antibiotic treatments for tuberculosis marked one of the great triumphs of twentieth-century medicine; tuberculosis, perhaps the most significant infection in world history, could now be decisively treated. Five years after the discovery of antibiotic therapy, many tuberculosis hospitals and sanatoria had closed; these structures now stood as historical monuments to the ‘golden age of medicine.’
Inflammatory bowel disease
Published in Michael JG Farthing, Anne B Ballinger, Drug Therapy for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, 2019
Elizabeth Carty, Anne B Ballinger
Sulphasalazine 3g enemas result in a 70% response rate compared with 11% for placebo after 2 weeks’ of treatment in patients with proctitis and distal disease.10 Unlike oral treatment, topical sulphasalazine is well-tolerated, with no adverse effects. Sulphasalazine, however, is a bright orange-yellow in colour by virtue of its azo bond and may produce staining of underwear. Topical mesalazine, the active compound, is therefore the preferred form of treatment. Mesalazine suppositories, 500 mg twice daily, effectively induce remission in proctitis. In patients with distal disease, the efficacy and safety of 4 g 5-aminosalicylic acid (ASA) enemas (one nightly) was assessed over a 6-week study period by Sutherland et al.11 Treatment was well-tolerated and resulted in a response rate of 63% compared with 22% in the placebo group. A later study suggested that 1 g and 2 g enemas were equally effective as 4 g enemas when treating distal disease.12 Adverse effects of mesalazine enemas were rare and mild in these trials and comprised mainly of anal irritation. A retrospective study has shown an 80% remission rate after 34 weeks’ of treatment, suggesting that it is worth persisting in refractory disease.13
Pea Starch-Lauric Acid Complex Alleviates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in C57BL/6J Mice
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Nina Qin, Yan Meng, Zhihua Ma, Zhaoping Li, Zhenzhen Hu, Chenyi Zhang, Liyong Chen
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic and recurrent intestinal inflammatory disease characterized by diarrhea, bloody stools, and abdominal pain. It was first observed in Western Europe and North America, while the incidence and prevalence of UC continues to increase worldwide in recent decades (1, 2). This trend can be partially explained by the changes in dietary habits and lifestyles. The use of aminosalicylic acid, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, and biological agents is the conventional treatment method for patients with UC; however, long-term use of these drugs may cause serious side effects (3). The burdens posed by UC remain high due to the increasing disease incidence, a young middle-aged median age of onset, low mortality rate despite the repeated course of the disease, and significant side effects from medications (1, 4). Furthermore, patients with long-standing UC are prone to developing serious complications, among which colorectal cancer (CRC) is well documented (5). Accumulating data based on population suggested that patients with UC are at a two- to three-fold increased risk of developing CRC than the general population (6, 7). UC has emerged as a significant public health problem in both developed and developing countries. Therefore, it is essential for identifying effective preventive measures and dietary management strategies for patients with UC.
Preventive treatment with sodium para-aminosalicylic acid inhibits manganese-induced apoptosis and inflammation via the MAPK pathway in rat thalamus
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Yue Deng, Dongjie Peng, Chun Yang, Lin Zhao, Junyan Li, Lili Lu, Xiaojuan Zhu, Shaojun Li, Michael Aschner, Yueming Jiang
Sodium para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS-Na) is most commonly used to treat tuberculosis. A follow-up study that lasted for 17 years showed that PAS-Na could also effectively treat Mn-induced occupational Parkinsonism (Jiang et al. 2006). In addition, PAS and its main N acetylated metabolite (AcPAS) can readily cross the blood–brain barrier and reduce free Mn brain levels (Hong et al. 2014). In vitro studies have demonstrated that PAS-Na alleviated Mn-induced cellular damage and apoptosis in neurons (Santos et al. 2013, Wang et al. 2014). Also, in our previous studies, we corroborated that PAS-Na protected the basal ganglia neurons from Mn-induced neurotoxicity (Li et al. 2016), restoring glutamate homeostasis (Li et al. 2020). PAS-Na led to a significant neuroprotective effect by preventing Mn-induced inflammation in BV2 microglial cells (Fang et al. 2021). However, whether PAS-Na affects Mn-induced apoptosis and inflammation in the thalamus has yet to be determined. Hence, this study investigated the effect of Mn on inflammation and apoptotic markers in the rat thalamus, focusing specifically on MAPK pathways.
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children and adolescents: current strategies for prevention and treatment
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
James A Seddon, Sarah Johnson, Megan Palmer, Marieke M van der Zalm, Elisa Lopez-Varela, Jennifer Hughes, H Simon Schaaf
Although repurposed drugs are still used off-label to treat MDR-TB in persons of all ages, most are WHO prequalified [54]. Five of the repurposed drugs currently in Phase II and/or Phase III trials (clofazimine, linezolid, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and nitazoxanide) [12] are being studied for MDR-TB, including assessment of dose optimization, but mostly in adults. Evidence supporting the use of linezolid in children and adolescents comes from small observational cohort studies and case series [55,56] and no clinical pediatric studies have been undertaken to assess efficacy, safety, or dosing of clofazimine or cycloserine in children, despite clofazimine being included in all recommended MDR-TB regimens in this population [38,57]. Para-aminosalicylic acid is often used to substitute novel agents (bedaquiline and delamanid) in young children in whom dosing and safety data are still awaited [38].