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Macroalgae and Microalgae
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Shama Aumeerun, Joyce Soulange-Govinden, Marie Francoise Driver, Rao Ambati Ranga, Gokare A. Ravishankar, Neetoo Hudaa
Algae are considered as good sources of antioxidants (Munir et al. 2013). Algal antioxidants consist of carotenoids and vitamin E (α-tocopherol), phycobiliproteins, polyphenols and vitamins (Munir et al. 2013). Carotenoids found in micro- and macroalgae actually represent the different pigments which together with chlorophyll give algae its characteristic color such as fucoxanthin, β-carotene, violaxantin, astaxanthin, lutein amongst others (Ranga Rao et al. 2018; Ambati et al. 2017). Phycobiliproteins are water-soluble pigment proteins normally present in cyanobacteria and some algae such as Rhodophyta and Cryptomonas (Sonani et al. 2017). They are normally classified as phycocyanin, phycoerythrins and allophycocyanin based on UV-visible absorption maxima (Yaakob et al. 2014). Polyphenols are the common secondary metabolites found in algae (Thomas and Kim 2011). They are said to be one of the most important classes of natural antioxidants (Machu et al. 2015). Seaweeds are rich in the polyphenolic compounds catechins, flavonols and phlorotannins (Gómez-Guzmán et al. 2018). Microalgae and cyanobacteria are composed of different classes of flavonoids such as isoflavones, flavanones, flavonols and dihydrochalcones (Goiris et al. 2012).
Optical Imaging Probes
Published in Martin G. Pomper, Juri G. Gelovani, Benjamin Tsui, Kathleen Gabrielson, Richard Wahl, S. Sam Gambhir, Jeff Bulte, Raymond Gibson, William C. Eckelman, Molecular Imaging in Oncology, 2008
Recent mutagenesis experiments resulted in relatively stable true far-red fluorescent proteins (mPlum 590/649 and AQ143 590/655 from Actinia equina) that can be expressed in live cells (30,31). These proteins have more favorable light scattering/absorption profiles for in vivo imaging. Recently engineered monomeric Keima red fluorescent protein (32) with a large Stokes shift is useful in designing fusion reporters based on cross-correlation fluorescence spectroscopy, which is extremely sensitive to protein-protein interactions. However, the excitation band of 450 nm is less useful for in vivo applications. The disadvantage of these far-red proteins, including engineered monomeric fluorescent proteins is low quantum yield (brightness), which is 10% or even lower than that of EGFP. One member of phycocyanin protein family (allophycocyanin, a 100-kDa protein with six bilin fluorochromes per protein molecule) has maximum emission of 660 nm and extremely high photostability. However, in vivo use of phycocyanins is limited by their cost, potential high immunogenicity, and high molecular mass. As in the case of any other protein-based exogenous probe, the investigators should be aware of immune response to fluorescent proteins that can significantly alter the progression, therapeutic response, and regrowth of experimental tumors expressing fluorescent proteins (33).
Hepatoprotective Marine Phytochemicals
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
BR Annapoorna, S Vasudevan, K Sindhu, V Vani, V Nivya, VP Venkateish, P Madan Kumar
Seaweeds are gaining much interest in recent years due to the presence of high amounts of proteins that can be used as a potent nutrient source. However, protein levels are maximum in red seaweeds (47% on a dry-weight [DW] basis), moderate in green algae (9–26%), and lowest in brown seaweeds (3–15%) (Biris-Dorhoi et al. 2020). Lectins and phycobiliproteins constitute the major classes of algal proteins. Lectins are a diverse group of carbohydrate proteins, which bind reversibly to sugar residues. Lectins obtained from algae perform major pharmacological activities such as mitogenic, cytotoxic, antibacterial, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antiviral (HIV-1), platelet aggregation inhibition, and anti-adhesion (Bleakley and Hayes 2017; Fontenelle et al. 2018). Agglutinin and isoagglutinin glycoproteins are mucin-binding proteins obtained from the species of red algae which anti-inflammatory and mitogenic activity and cytotoxic effects on mice and human cancer cell lines (Holdt and Kraan 2011). Phycobiliproteins are hydrophilic proteins having a role in photosynthesis in algal species. Algal phycobiliproteins perform antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hypocholesterolemic, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antitumor, liver-protecting, atherosclerosis treatment, and serum lipid-reducing and lipase inhibition activities. Classification is done based on the color and absorption characteristics of phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, and phycoerythrocyanin (Holdt and Kraan 2011; Bleakley and Hayes 2017). Phytotransferrins and iron starvation–induced protein 2a (ISIP2a) are proteins present in cell membranes which possess iron-chelating properties (Turnšek et al. 2019).
TNB-738, a biparatopic antibody, boosts intracellular NAD+ by inhibiting CD38 ecto-enzyme activity
Published in mAbs, 2022
Harshad S. Ugamraj, Kevin Dang, Laure-Hélène Ouisse, Benjamin Buelow, Eduardo N. Chini, Giulia Castello, James Allison, Starlynn C Clarke, Laura M. Davison, Roland Buelow, Rong Deng, Suhasini Iyer, Ute Schellenberger, Sankar N. Manika, Shipra Bijpuria, Astrid Musnier, Anne Poupon, Maria Cristina Cuturi, Wim van Schooten, Pranjali Dalvi
Binding assays on HEK cells overexpressing CD38 mutant constructs were performed to confirm the epitope of F12A that was predicted by MabTope. The constructs were flag tagged (DYKDDDDK) to monitor their expression using a phycoerythrin (PE)-coupled anti-FLAG antibody. Binding of F12A to mutants was monitored using F12A coupled to allophycocyanin (APC). APC-labeled daratumumab was used a positive control. F12A exhibited decreased binding to the mutants, CD38_F12_m2 and CD38_F12_m4, compared to wild-type CD38. Hence, the mutated residues K25, E28, R151, and E154 are part of the epitope. This suggests that F12A has a conformational epitope, as the identified residues are discontinuous. Competition experiments using SPR confirmed that F12A and isatuximab have overlapping epitopes. Ribbon diagrams comparing CD38 epitopes of F11A, F12A, isatuximab, and daratumumab are shown in Figure 7. Altogether, the results indicate that TNB-738 is an allosteric inhibitor of the enzyme functions of CD38.
Characterization of planktonic and biofilm cells from two filamentous cyanobacteria using a shotgun proteomic approach
Published in Biofouling, 2020
Maria João Leal Romeu, Dany Domínguez-Pérez, Daniela Almeida, João Morais, Alexandre Campos, Vítor Vasconcelos, Filipe J. M. Mergulhão
Allophycocyanin is a protein from the light-harvesting phycobiliprotein family, along with phycocyanin, phycoerythrin and phycoerythrocyanin, which may be found in the phycobilisome core complex (Sonani et al. 2015). Although proteins related to allophycocyanin were found in three of the four biofilm conditions, a protein fragment of phycocyanin beta chain and an additional non-specific phycobilisome protein were identified in both cyanobacterial strains for biofilms formed at 40 s −1. Phycobilisomes are present in cyanobacteria and red algae and are formed by phycobiliproteins and also linker proteins (MacColl 1998). Allophycocyanin is considered an accessory pigment to chlorophyll and exhibits unique absorbance and fluorescence characteristics due to a lack of susceptibility to internal and external fluorescence quenching. Due to these features, allophycocyanin is ideal for highly sensitive studies such as flow cytometry and immunoassays (Manirafasha et al. 2016). Indeed, phycobiliproteins are regularly found in high abundance and they may constitute up to 50% of the total cellular protein of a cyanobacterium (Anderson et al. 2006). Previous proteomic studies with other cyanobacterial strains (Synechocystis PCC 6803) also identified proteins related to this phycobiliprotein family in their plasma membrane (Huang et al. 2002; Pisareva et al. 2007). In another study, which aimed to evaluate proteomic changes after heat shock in Synechocystis PCC 6803, a decreased expression level for phycobilisome was observed (Slabas et al. 2006).
Efficient ultrafiltration-based protocol to deplete extracellular vesicles from fetal bovine serum
Published in Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 2018
Roman Kornilov, Maija Puhka, Bettina Mannerström, Hanna Hiidenmaa, Hilkka Peltoniemi, Pia Siljander, Riitta Seppänen-Kaijansinkko, Sippy Kaur
AT-MSCs cultured in FBS media (n = 3) were characterized using BD Accuri C6 flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ) to confirm the mesenchymal origin of the cells. Allophycocyanin (APC)-conjugated monoclonal antibodies against CD14 (clone: M5E2), CD19 (clone: HIB19), CD34 (clone: 581), CD45RO (clone: UCHL1), CD54 (clone: HA58), CD73 (clone: AD2), CD90 (clone: 5E10), CD105 (clone: 266) and HLA-DR (clone: G46-6) (BD Pharmingen, Becton Dickinson) were used. Further, to assess whether AT-MSCs retained their immunophenotype after being cultured in media with UC-dFBS or UF-dFBS compared with FBS for 48 h, AT-MSCs (n = 3) were analysed for surface markers CD34 (clone: 581), CD45RO (clone: UCHL1), CD54 (clone: HA58), CD73 (clone: AD2) and CD105 (clone: 266). A total of 100 000 cells per sample were analysed, and positive expression was defined as the level of fluorescence greater than 99% of the corresponding unstained cell sample [20].