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The Gut Microbiota, Health and Exercise
Published in Martin Colin R, Derek Larkin, Probiotics in Mental Health, 2018
Marie Clare Grant, Julien S Baker
With relatively few commonly consumed food sources naturally containing probiotics, in contemporary society probiotics are added to many cultured dairy products (Ohashi and Ushida, 2007). Due to the recognised health benefits the most common strains of probiotic bacteria to be added to products for human consumptions belong to the species Lactobacillus sp. (of the Firmicute phyla) and Bifidobacterium sp. (of the Actinobacteria phyla) (Benton et al., 2007). In particular, as outlined by Cerda and colleagues (2016), Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium sp. in the gut have been found to enhance the absorption of vitamins (such as B and K) and minerals, improve lactate tolerance, have anti-diabetic effects, lower cholesterol, increase resistance to infection, decrease the risk of colon cancer (Kumar et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2011), exert anti-inflammatory effects (Villena and Kitazawa, 2014) and produce short chain fatty acids (Logan et al., 2003).
An Overview of Protease Inhibitors
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Veena Sreedharan, K.V. Bhaskara Rao
Proteases are without a doubt a focal need of the natural framework. Considered catalysts of scission prior, proteases are presently viewed as crucial proteins for the existing framework. All things considered, underneath their imperative capacities, lies the chance of being a risk. Upon interruption in the directed instrument of proteolytic handling, they can prompt certain oddities (Fitzpatrick, 2004). Nonetheless, they can be constrained by directed emission or articulation or potentially initiation of proteases by restraint of the proteolytic movement and debasement of developed chemicals. However, sicknesses can be constrained by hereditary adjustment, this thought is sketchy. The job of protease inhibitors becomes unmistakable here (Grant and Mackie, 1977). Protease inhibitors (PIs) are a universal class of catalysts that assume a significant part in the life framework. They are significantly applicable attributable to their significance in directing physiological just as neurotic capacities in the living association. Normally accessible protease inhibitors, retrieved from plants and creatures, are bountiful in nature while little is known and concentrated about proteases inhibitors of microbial beginning. Microorganisms present a splendid wellspring of protease inhibitors as low-subatomic-weight peptidomimetic inhibitors. Having a place within eubacterial realm, actinobacteria are modernly and pharmacologically critical microorganisms esteemed for their compounds, antitoxins, antitumor specialists, and protein inhibitors (Dhanasekaran and Jiang, 2016). They produce exceptionally potential bioactive particles and subsequently are regularly evaluated for novel bioactive leads. The interest for protease inhibitors from actinobacteria traces all the way back to the 1960s. In contrast to the traditional protease inhibitors, protease inhibitors from actinobacteria are dominatingly little particles (Feinstein et al., 1967). The detachment and portrayal of leupeptin from actinobacteria by Aoyagi et al. was probably the earliest report. From that point forward, the creation and job of protease inhibitors have developed massively. The development of HIV protease inhibitor Norvir between 2000–2006 coming to 6.6 billion in worldwide deals is one such model (Aoyagi et al., 1969). Consequently, there is a promising future for protease inhibitors. In our survey, we present a course of events of protease inhibitors from actinobacteria with agents of a few striking protease inhibitors.
Impact of type 1 diabetes on the composition and functional potential of gut microbiome in children and adolescents: possible mechanisms, current knowledge, and challenges
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Pari Mokhtari, Julie Metos, Pon Velayutham Anandh Babu
Actinobacteria, one of the largest bacterial phyla are Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine + cytosine (G + C) DNA content and mainly represented by the Bifidobacterium genus.66Bifidobacterium genus presented in the human gut have a significant role in maintaining health not only within the gastrointestinal tract but in the rest of the body.68Bifidobacterium genera contribute to butyrate production and inhibiting bacterial translocation.68 Human studies show that the gut microbiome composition is different in children with T1D and healthy controls. At the phylum level, the bacterial number of Actinobacteria was shown to decrease significantly in children with T1D compared to healthy children.45,47 However, another study conducted in Finland reported higher abundance of Actinobacteria in children with T1D.44
Reliability of antioxidant potential and in vivo compatibility with extremophilic actinobacterial-mediated magnesium oxide nanoparticle synthesis
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Kavitha Kandiah, Thenmozhi Jeevanantham, Balagurunathan Ramasamy
Antibacterial activity of the prepared MgO NPs was examined by agar well-diffusion method [14,20,31] using Muller–Hinton agar (MHA). Both Gram-positive and -negative bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutants, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas sp. were obtained from Actinobacterial Research Laboratory (Microbiology Department, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India) and used for the test. The cultures were sub-cultured into the nutrient broth and incubated at 37 °C for 6–10 and 24 h. The freshly grown bacterial culture was uniformly swabbed onto the MHA plate and used for studying antimicrobial activity. Thereafter, 50 mg/mL MgO NPs was loaded onto the 5 mm well size of MHA plates and incubated for 48 h and observed for the zone of inhibition. The antibacterial assessment was performed in triplicate, and the average zone of inhibition was measured and compared with that of control.
Immune/microbial interface perturbation in human IgA deficiency
Published in Gut Microbes, 2019
Delphine Sterlin, Claire Fieschi, Marion Malphettes, Martin Larsen, Guy Gorochov, Jehane Fadlallah
Indeed CVID is a more complex condition than selective IgAD. The clinical presentation of CVID is rather heterogeneous, various (PIDs) have been linked to CVID, and patients are usually heavily treated (Ig substitution, antibiotics). As we underline: the analysis of CVID patients in our paper is hampered by several confounders, such as previous antibiotic courses and small cohort size (although we took care to include CVID cases that did not receive antibiotics within 3 months prior to sampling). It is however interesting to note that Actinobacteria diversity is drastically decreased in CVID, an “IgM-deficient” model”. We indeed show for the first time alterations in phylum diversity in CVID. Alterations are particularly affecting Actinobacteria and to a smaller extent Firmicutes. Jorgensen et al. recently published that CVID patients display dysbiotic gut microbiota with reduced alpha-diversity, reduced abundance of Actinobacteria and increased abundance of gamma-proteobacteria.9 However, it was not discussed in this article whether diversity loss was phylum specific. Considering the trends observed in our own study, we would postulate this is not the case.