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Brain Death and Organ Donation
Published in T.M. Craft, P.M. Upton, Key Topics In Anaesthesia, 2021
Potential complications in brain stem dead organ donors that may require intra-operative correction include: Cardiovascular instability.Hypoxaemia.Diabetes insipidus.Endocrine abnormalities (e.g. thyroid, adrenal or pancreatic function).Electrolyte imbalances.Acid—base disorders.Hypothermia.Hyperglycaemia.Coagulopathy.
Nutritional Disorders/Alternative Medicine
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Water, electrolyte, and element deficiencies are generally categorized as those involving either metabolic acidosis (loss of alkali) or alkalosis (acid defect). Specific acid-base disorders more closely related to nutrition are included in Table 20.2. Potassium deficiency or hypokalemia (hypo = less,-emia = blood) usually occurs from vomiting or diarrhea. A deficiency of calcium (hypocalcemia) is sometimes equated with the term tetany, muscular spasms with systemic effects. Other element deficiency disorders include hypophosphatemia, anemia (iron deficiency), and goiter (iodine deficiency).
Critical Care of the Trauma Patient
Published in Kenneth D Boffard, Manual of Definitive Surgical Trauma Care: Incorporating Definitive Anaesthetic Trauma Care, 2019
Typical abnormalities may include: Acid base disorders.Electrolyte disorders. Hypokalaemia.Hyperkalaemia.Hypocalcaemia.Hypomagnesaemia.Hypophosphataemia.
Serum anion gap at admission predicts all-cause mortality in critically ill patients with cerebral infarction: evidence from the MIMIC-III database
Published in Biomarkers, 2020
Xuefang Liu, Yanlin Feng, Xinyu Zhu, Ying Shi, Manting Lin, Xiaoyan Song, Jiancheng Tu, Enwu Yuan
Critically ill patients were commonly characteristic of acid-base disturbance (Drolz et al. 2018, Schwartz et al. 2019). The timely evaluation and suitable treatment for acid–base disorders were essential for the intensive care physicians (Dhondup and Qian 2017, Carbone et al. 2018). In clinical practice, AG was frequently used to assess acid-base status and higher AG could help to identify metabolic acidosis (Funes and de Morais 2017). In general, elevation in the serum AG generally contributed to overproduction of organic acid or reduction excretion of anions (Kraut and Madias 2007). The accumulation of serum lactate and pyruvate were most frequent aetiology for increased AG (Gabow et al. 1980, Kotake 2016). It was widely accepted that serum lactate was closely related to the prognosis of critically ill patients, especially the risk of short-term death (Vincent et al. 2016). Since lactate measurement might not have always been available in resource-limited settings, AG had become as a surrogate for lactate concentration. From this perspective, the relationship between AG and clinical outcomes had been explored (Glasmacher and Stones 2016).
Approach to the patient presenting with metabolic acidosis
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2019
Jill Vanmassenhove, Norbert Lameire
Acid-base disorders can be diagnosed and characterized using a systematic approach Determine the arterial pH status.Determine whether the primary process is metabolic, respiratory, or both and check whether respiratory/metabolic adaptation is appropriate.Calculate the anion gapCalculate the osmolal gap.If the patient has metabolic acidosis with an elevated anion gap, calculate the delta anion gap/delta bicarbonate ratio.
The role of the clinical laboratory in diagnosing acid–base disorders
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2019
Laboratory parameters are crucial for diagnosing acid–base disorders. The laboratory data must be assessed in relation to the clinical presentation of the patient. A stepwise approach is outlined in Figures 1 and 2. Together with clinical information and knowledge of limitations of the data, it should be straightforward to establish the etiology of the acid–base disorder in most cases but, unfortunately, many caveats exist. When considering all the errors reported in clinical laboratory settings, more than two-thirds occur in the pre-analytical phase and these errors should therefore be minimized.