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Rifampicin (Rifampin)
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
C. Alan, C. Street, Tony M. Korman
S. pneumoniae is rifampicin sensitive, including penicillin nonsusceptible and resistant strains; rates of resistance have been less than 1% in four successive nationwide surveys in the USA by Doern and co-workers (Doern et al., 1996; Doern et al., 1999; Doern et al., 2001; Doern et al., 2005) and Thornsberry et al. (1999) and in studies from the UK (Johnson et al., 1996), China (Wang et al., 1998), Europe (Fluit et al., 1999), Australia (Gosbell and Neville, 2000; Gosbell et al., 2006), South Africa (Huebner et al., 2000), Italy (Marchese et al., 2005; Montagnani et al., 2006), Brazil (Brandileone et al., 2006), Kuwait (Johny et al., 2010), Greece (Maraki and Papadakis, 2014), and the SENTRY Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program (Hoban et al., 2001). S. pyogenes remains highly susceptible to rifampicin (Coonan and Kaplan, 1994; Orden et al., 1998; Perez-Trallero et al., 1998), as do viridans group streptococci (Smith et al., 2004). Group B streptococci, Abiotrophia spp. (one of the organisms previously known as nutritionally variant streptococci) (Tuohy et al., 2000; Murray et al., 2001) and anaerobic cocci are also rifampicin sensitive, but most Enterococcus faecalis strains are only moderately susceptible.
Composition and Diversity of Human Oral Microbiome
Published in Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne, Microbial Biofilms, 2017
Preethi Balan, Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne and Wim Crielaard
In one of the earliest studies on the human oral microbiome, Aas and colleagues analysed nine oral sites from five clinically healthy subjects to determine the site and subject specificity of bacterial colonisation using ABI 3100 DNA sequencer [10]. The species that were found to be common to all oral sites belonged to the genera Streptococcus, Veillonella, Gemella, and Granulicatella. However, some species were site specific. The predominant species on the tooth surface were Streptococcus sp. clone EK048, S. sanguinis, and S. gordonii, and Rothia dentocariosa, G. hemolysans, G. adiacens, Actinomyces sp. clone BL008 and Abiotrophia defectiva. In subgingival plaque, several species of Streptococcus and Gemella were often detected. S. mitis biovar 2 was present at the lateral side of the tongue while being absent on the tongue dorsum. On the hard palate, the predominant bacterial species included S. mitis, S. mitis biovar 2, Streptococcus sp. clone FN051, Streptococcus infantis, Granulicatella elegans, G. hemolysans, and Neisseria subflava. On the soft palate, S. mitis, other cultivable and not-yet-cultivable species of Streptococcus, G. adiacens and G. hemolysans were predominant. Following this study, Egija Zaura and colleagues examined the diversity and uniqueness of individual oral microbiomes using pyrosequencing for the first time [18]. In this study it was observed that the cheek samples were the least diverse while the dental samples showed the highest diversity. Principal component analysis discriminated the profiles of the samples originating from shedding mucosal surfaces from the samples that were obtained from the non-shedding surfaces [18].
A mouthwash formulated with o-cymen-5-ol and zinc chloride specifically targets potential pathogens without impairing the native oral microbiome in healthy individuals
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Javier Pascual, Javier Mira Otal, Daniel Torrent-Silla, Manuel Porcar, Cristina Vilanova, Fernando Vivancos Cuadras
Tannerella, and more specifically Tannerella forsythia, is a well-known periodontal pathogen that also can lead to severe systemic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and even oesophageal cancer [50,51]. This bacterium is one of the three constituents, along with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola, of the so-called ‘red complex’ in severe periodontal infections. Another genus that specifically decreased its relative abundance in the mouthwash-treated group was Actinomyces, which is part of the healthy oral microbiome; however, under a disruption of the environmental balance, mucosal tissue integrity or defense system, it can turn into a pathogen, initiating a prolonged chronic inflammatory process that can lead to the creation of a tumor-like mass, tissue destruction, osteolysis and multiple sinus tracts [52,53]. On the other hand, both Granulicatella and Abiotrophia are pathobionts of the human mouth linked to endocarditis and pulmonary, central nervous system and ocular infections [54]. As for the Lautropia genus, a recent study has shown that the species L. mirabilis may be the etiological agent of dialysis-associated peritonitis [55]. Additionally, the increase in the abundance of Lachnoanaerobaculum genus has also been associated to periodontal diseases [56]. However, Leptotrichia and Corynebacterium genera, which were also found to be less abundant after the mouthwash treatment, have proved negatively associated with periodontal clinical parameters [56,57].
Endophthalmitis Caused by Abiotrophia Defectiva after Anterior Vitrectomy in a Child
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Helio V. Neves da Silva, Anna Mackin, Jesse Smith, Mariam Ahmad
Past case reports in the ophthalmology literature have described infection with these organisms on the ocular surface, presenting particularly as conjunctivitis and keratitis.2 It is suggested that the presence of these organisms in the cornea and cardiac valves is related to their ability to colonize avascular collagenous tissue.2 In 2004, a case report that used 16S rDNA PCR analysis of 4 random cases of infectious keratitis diagnosed one of them as being caused by Abiotrophia defectiva.3 Past difficulties in identifying Abiotrophia defectiva are likely due to the fact that this is a fastidious organism, requiring enriched media, usually with cysteine and pyridoxine 2. With the increasing use of 16S rRNA PCR assays, VITEK ® 2 System and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, the detection of this organism on the ocular surface is likely to become more common.4
First case of Abiotophia defectiva infectious endocarditis treated with a combination of amoxicillin and daptomycin
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2020
Tomasz Chroboczek, Julie Le Scanff, Gary David
We have found in the medical literature only one other report of Abiotrophia IE being treated by daptomycin.13 In this case, IE was diagnosed in a 23 years old patient with homozygous sickle cell anemia, carrying a long term catheter, and admitted for vaso-occlusive crisis. Cardiac echography showed thickening of the mitral valve with a vegetation of 3-5 mm. Blood cultures were positive for Abiotrophia spp. and coagulase negative Staphylococcus. Further identification of Abiotrophia spp. failed, thus this bacterium could also belong to the Granulicatella genus. Catheter was removed and patient was cured after a 2-month treatment with daptomycin (6 mg/kg/d) and rifampicin (600 mg/d). No surgery was required.