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The Modification of Lysine
Published in Roger L. Lundblad, Chemical Reagents for Protein Modification, 2020
A substantial portion of the specificity of pyridoxal-5’-phosphate in protein modification arises from electrostatic interaction(s) via the phosphate group with positively charged groups (i.e., arginine) on the protein surface. A conceptually related compound is methyl acetyl phosphate (Figure 31). The reagent was originally developed as an affinity label for d-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase.94 Manning and co-workers have examined the chemistry of the reaction of methyl acetyl phosphate with hemoglobin in some detail.95,96 It appears to be an affinity label for the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate binding site.95 More recent work suggests that this reagent may be a useful probe for other anion binding sites in proteins.96
Specific Nature of Training on Skeletal Muscles
Published in Atko Viru, Adaptation in Sports Training, 2017
When the endurance exercises are sufficiently intense, the increases in mitochondrial enzymes occur somewhat parallel in all fiber types in the muscle.132 Consequently, glycolytic fibers become ‘more oxidative’.125 This fact is related to the peculiarity in motor units recruitment during prolonged exercise. Endurance exercises at approximately 60% VO2max are initially performed through involvement of the activity of slow-twitch motor units. As the exercise continues, there is a progressive recruitment of fast-twitch motor units. If exercise is carried out until exhaustion, all of the motor units in the muscle can be utilized.133,134 However, if the training exercise is moderate in intensity and duration, a difference may be found in the enzyme profile between various types of muscle fibers; for example, the β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity increased 2.6-fold in SO and 6-fold in FOG fibers, whereas no changes could be detected in FG fibers.135 An endurance-training effect on carnitine palmityltransferase activity has been found in slow-twitch but not in fast-twitch fibers of the gastrocnemius muscle.136
Danggui Buxue decoction alleviates cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression by regulating β-hydroxybutyric acid metabolism and suppressing oxidative stress
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Yiqiao Gao, Yixin Zhang, Wei Liu, Nan Zhang, Qinghe Gao, Jingfang Shangguan, Na Li, Ying Zhao, Yanlong Jia
In summary, we demonstrate that the mechanism of DBD in alleviating CTX-induced myelosuppression is related to the regulation of β-OHB metabolism, HDAC1 activity and suppression of oxidative stress (Figure 9). However, the complexities of TCM-effective substances and pharmacodynamic mechanisms still deserve further investigation. Our previous studies using systems pharmacology and molecular docking have shown that the active constituents of DBD, such as astragaloside and ferulic acid, could regulate β-OHB levels by influencing metabolic enzymes involved in β-OHB metabolism, such as β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase; however, it still needs to be confirmed. Furthermore, according to TCM theory, DBD has two major drug effects (nourishing ‘Qi’ and enriching ‘Blood’). Therefore, further studies are required to explore the role of these two effects in the pharmacodynamic mechanisms of DBD. Our study also revealed that DBD could influence inflammation. β-OHB can inhibit inflammatory response by NLRP3 and NF-κB signal pathways (Youm et al. 2015; Wu et al. 2022). Therefore, investigating the relationship between β-OHB, inflammatory responses and MAC could be another approach to better understanding the precise mechanisms of DBD.
Bacterial communities in bovine ejaculates and their impact on the semen quality
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2021
Michal Ďuračka, Ljubica Belić, Katarína Tokárová, Jana Žiarovská, Miroslava Kačániová, Norbert Lukáč, Eva Tvrdá
D-β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels were measured in the sperm lysates using the Ranbut commercial kit purchased from Randox (Randox Laboratories Ltd., Crumlin, UK). The BHB concentration was determined via the enzymatic reaction of 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase while the change in absorbance at 340 nm was directly correlated with the presence of D-3-hydroxybutyrate. The spectrophotometric analysis was performed with the Cary 60 UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and the data were expressed as mmol/g protein.
Evaluation of the point-of-care devices KetoSureTM and StatStrip Express® blood ketone tests using β-hydroxybutyrate spiked samples
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2022
Lise Nørkjær Bjerg, Henrik Holm Thomsen, Jeppe Buur Madsen, Birgitte Sandfeld-Paulsen
BHB concentrations were measured by the handheld POCT devices StatStrip Express, KetoSure and FreeStyle Precision Neo. All POCT devices are strip based and apply the D-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase enzyme for oxidation of D-3-hydroxybutyrate in the sample converting the released electrons into a measurable electric current. All devices measure solely the D-isoform of the molecule. Therefore, no L-isoform will add to the measured concentration.