China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Animal Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Unlike honey, royal jelly is a rich source of proteins, peptides, amino acids, and fatty acids (132, 141–144). Fresh royal jelly is a solution containing 60–70% of water with pH ranging between 3.6 and 4.2 (132, 142). Proteins are the dominant ingredient of royal jelly (50% of its dry matter). More than 80% of royal jelly proteins are soluble proteins. Carbohydrates, vitamins, lipids, minerals, flavonoids, polyphenols, as well as several biologically active substances are also present (132, 161–162) Sugars mainly constituted of glucose and fructose comprise 7.5–15% of royal jelly content. Lipids constitute 7–18% of royal jelly content. The most prominent royal jelly fatty acids in order are 10-hydroxydecanoic acid, 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid, and sebacic acid (132). In addition, royal jelly contains different amino acids, organic acids, steroids, esters, phenols, sugars, minerals, trace elements, and other constituents (132, 141). The composition of royal jelly varies with seasonal and regional conditions. Royalisin and jelleines are two royal jelly antimicrobial peptides that enhance efficiency of the immune response of bee larvae to various infections (132). Its antioxidant potency is due to the presence of some polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids. Royal jelly is rich in pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), niacin, and nucleotides such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and contains small amounts of various B group vitamins (132).
New Findings on Biological Actions and Clinical Applications of Royal Jelly: A Review
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2018
Mozafar Khazaei, Atefe Ansarian, Elham Ghanbari
RJ has shown estrogenic effects in vitro and in vivo that were mediated via interaction with estrogen receptors (ERs) followed by alterations in the cell proliferation and gene expression (Mishima, Miyata, et al., 2005; Mishima, Suzuki, et al., 2005). Suzuki et al. (2008) stated that four bioactive substances isolated from RJ—10-hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid (10H2DA), 10-hydroxydecanoic acid (10HDA), trans- 2-decenoic acid (2DEA), and 24-methylenecholesterol (24MET) (Figure 2)—showed estrogen receptor β– (ER β–) binding effect and inhibited the binding of 17 β-estradiol (E2) to the ER β in vivo (Table 2). Another study showed that royal jelly supplementation in frozen extender can improve postthaw quality and in vitro fertilizing capacity of Nili-Ravi buffalo bull sperm (Shahzad et al., 2016).
Effects of royal jelly on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled study
Published in Climacteric, 2021
H. Matsushita, S. Shimizu, N. Morita, K. Watanabe, A. Wakatsuki
Because RJ is a mixture of various compounds, the constituents and mechanisms by which RJ consumption prevents a decline in femoral bone mass and strength in postmenopausal women are not well understood. Indeed, Isidorov et al.26 reported that 185 organic compounds were isolated from 17 samples of crude RJ. Because previous studies have demonstrated that RJ has estrogenic effects11–13, we speculate that the estrogenic properties of RJ may be responsible, at least in part, for the results of this intervention. Although there have been no studies investigating the effects of RJ on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women, four studies have reported the effects of RJ in ovariectomized rats17–20. Hidaka et al.17 and Kafadar et al.18 reported that administration of RJ prevented the loss of BMD in ovariectomized rats, albeit not to the levels in control rats. In contrast, Kaku et al.19 failed to show positive effects of RJ on the reduction in the cancellous bone volume at the femoral epiphysis following ovariectomy. Recently, we also reported that administration of RJ did not result in improvements in bone mass but did improve bone strength in ovariectomized rats20. Estrogens exert their effects via two intracellular receptors, estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ. Although both receptors have been detected in all skeletal cell types, the bone-sparing effects of estrogen are, in large part, mediated via activation of ERα. In contrast, activation of ERβ may not play a major role in bone20. Although the mediators of the estrogenic activity of RJ have not been fully elucidated, previous studies have reported that the estrogenic activity of RJ may be elicited largely via activation of ERβ by fatty acids, such as 10-hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid (10H2DA), 10-hydroxydecanoic acid, trans-2-decenoic acid, and 24-methylenecholesterol12,13.
Metabolomic markers predictive of hepatic adaptation to therapeutic dosing of acetaminophen
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Brandon J. Sonn, Kennon J. Heard, Susan M. Heard, Angelo D’Alessandro, Kate M. Reynolds, Richard C. Dart, Barry H. Rumack, Andrew A. Monte
Looking at the subset subject cohort (n = 14), ASCA was used to identify major metabolome changes based on the interaction between ALT class and time where five metabolites had significantly different expression levels (Figure 2(A)). These metabolites were identified as significant using a combination of criteria: higher leverage, a marker of increasing significance within the model; and lower SPE, denoting decreased prediction error and increased model fit. Performing a 1000 permutation test did not reveal the interaction model to be significant on its own (p = .45), but did identify significant metabolites as determined by leverage and SPE. Glutathione, a metabolite relevant to APAP toxicity, was significant in this model with lower expression in the no ALT elevation group at the first two time points then noticeably higher at days 16 and 31 compared with the group that had ALT elevations (Figure 2(B)). Two metabolites were identified as significant within this model that are both involved in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways: maltose and d-glucose 6-phosphate (Figure 2(C)). In the early time points, maltose was expressed more significantly in the no ALT elevation group compared with ALT elevation, but this switched at day 31 while both groups had d-glucose 6-phosphate levels that fluctuated over time. Subjects with no ALT elevation showed that expression levels of a medium chain fatty acid (10-hydroxydecanoic acid) exhibited relatively stable levels, while those with ALT elevations experienced changes over time suggesting changes to fatty acid metabolism over time in this population (Figure 2(D)). Supporting this change in energy utilization, subjects with no ALT elevation experienced a decrease in an acylcarnitine (tetradecenoyl carnitine) over time while subjects that did have an elevation experienced less change in expression level of this metabolite (Figure 2(D)). Leverage and SPE values for each metabolite within this model can be found in Supplemental Table 3.