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Medicines management
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Kirsty Andrews, Martina O’Brien
Slowly squeeze the bulb when applying drops and drop vertically, from as near to the person as possible, without touching the eye. Always put the drop inside the lower lid (see Figure 10.2) (Shaw 2014). Ensure the eye is kept shut for 60 s after application, and always instil drops before an ointment (Shaw 2014), if both are being used, as the ointment leaves a film over the eye, preventing the drops being absorbed. As with drops, eye ointment should be applied to the inside of the lower lid. The eye should be held closed afterwards for a short time, where possible, enabling the ointment to settle. Vision may be blurred afterwards for a while. Excess medication should be wiped away with a clean tissue. Eyedrops can sting and some leave an after-taste at the back of the throat (Figure 10.3).
The cornea
Published in Mary E. Shaw, Agnes Lee, Ophthalmic Nursing, 2018
The lids are unable to cover the cornea, either because of proptosis of the eyeball or the inability of the lids to move over the eyeball. Once recognised, this condition must be treated promptly by taking measures to protect the cornea. Bandage contact lenses can be used or a tarsorrhaphy performed, with the use of eye ointment to form a protective layer. Other causes of exposure keratitis include facial nerve palsy and scarring of the eyelids. Certain individuals with no abnormal pathology may be prone to exposure keratitis during sleep.
Basic patient positioning
Published in Daniel Cottle, Shondipon Laha, Peter Nightingale, Anaesthetics for Junior Doctors and Allied Professionals, 2018
Daniel Cottle, Ruth Nicholson, Katie Carden, Daniel Flaherty
The eyes must be closed and covered during anaesthesia. If left uncovered they can dry out and corneal abrasions form. Abrasions are also caused by direct contact. Eye ointment may also be used in high-risk cases. Ensure that you use low-adhesive tape and remove it carefully at the end of the case. The eyes are also at risk of direct damage during the surgery and you should ensure that there is no equipment (including ventilator tubing) that may cause compression. This can (rarely) lead to ocular venous thrombosis and blindness.
TYRP1 Protects Against the Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress of Retinal Ganglion Cells by Binding to PMEL
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
Yanlin Gao, Lei Liu, Zhihui Zhang, Chunxiu Qin, Bing Yang, Yifeng Ke
The glaucoma model was established according to existing literature.21 Rats were anesthetized through intraperitoneal injection with 3% pentobarbital sodium (30 mg/kg), followed by topical anesthesia by instilling 0.4% oxybuprocaine eye drops (Benoxil, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) at the inner margin of the right eyelid. After measurement of IOP using a Tonolab portable tonometer (Mentor O&O Inc., Norwell, MA, USA), the conjunctival sac was cut along the conjunctival edge and separated directly under an ophthalmic operating microscope (OPMI VISU 140, Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany) to expose the fundus oculi. The three superficial veins were separated from the sclera in the right eyes of rats and electrocoagulated using a bipolar electrocoagulator to block the intraocular venous reflux. Till the vascular tissues turned white and the blood back-flow was limited, the conjunctiva was reset without suture. The bulbar conjunctiva of rats in the sham group was cut at the same site without venous coagulation. Operated eyes were treated with erythromycin eye ointment (Shanghai CP General Pharmaceutical, Shanghai, China) after the operation. The left eye of the same rat was utilized as blank control.
Iris Depigmentation in the Prediction of Cytomegalovirus Anterior Uveitis
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Ka Wai Kam, Chung Hei Wong, Mary Ho, Ryan Kin Ho Sze, Paul K. S. Chan, Alvin L. Young
All operations were performed by the principal investigator (K.W.K.) with a standardized technique under topical anesthesia. All eyes received topical antibiotic (tobramycin) and anesthetic (proparacaine 0.5%) for 3 times every 5 minutes before the operation. Phakic eyes were given additional topical pilocarpine eyedrops to protect the crystalline lens. The operating eye was draped after cleansing with 5% povidone iodine solution. One drop of topical tetracaine was applied after placement of the speculum. At least 0.15 mL aqueous humor was aspirated via a 30-gauge needle into a 1 mL tuberculin syringe under direct microscopic observation until the flattening of anterior chamber was observed. The needle was then withdrawn from the anterior chamber and the wound was tamponade with a cotton applicator. Any bleeding within the eye was noted and documented as a positive Amsler sign if the bleeding was thought to be related to hypotony rather than accidental iris injury. The wound was then assessed for leak and the eye would be padded with steroid-antibiotic eye ointment until next morning. The aqueous sample was then sent to our virology laboratory for PCR to CMV, herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and −2, and VZV DNA.
Development and Characterization of an Acellular Porcine Small Intestine Submucosa Scaffold for Use in Corneal Epithelium Tissue Engineering
Published in Current Eye Research, 2020
Fuyan Wang, Qi Song, Liqun Du, Xinyi Wu
Interlamellar corneal transplantation was performed to evaluate scaffold biocompatibility. Thirty rabbits were randomly divided into two groups: experimental group and control group, recipient animals were anesthetized with 3% pentobarbital sodium (1 ml/kg). A 4-mm incision was made along the right corneal limbus of each animal and approximately half the depth of the cornea. Then the lamellae were separated with a cyclodialysis spatula, and a 5-mm-diameter pocket was created in the middle of the cornea. The rabbits in the experimental group received an acellular SIS disk (the mucosal surface is upward and diameter 5 mm) embedded into the interlamellar stromal pocket. The control group animals underwent the same procedure, but without matrices embedded into the pockets. Dexamethasone eye ointment was used immediately after surgery. During the first week after surgery, the animals were given tobramycin eye drops three times per day in the operated eyes.