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Medicinal Mushrooms
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Temitope A. Oyedepo, Adetoun E. Morakinyo
The antioxidant activity of edible mushrooms could be directly applied to daily life because it is associated with natural prevention of oxidative stress which is often as a result of lifestyle habits (Sakano et al., 2009). A number of in vitro and in vivo studies have reported antioxidant potentials of various mushroom species that enable them to neutralize free radicals (Ferreira et al., 2009). Assays involving chromogen compounds (e.g., ABTS and DPPH methods) are the most commonly used methods to measure mushrooms antioxidant activity (Sánchez, 2016). The findings of those studies demonstrated that the antioxidant components are found in fruit bodies, mycelium and culture both of the mushrooms. These often show good activity as a scavenger of DPPH radical and reactive oxygen species (hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical, and hypochlorous acid). They also act as an xanthine oxidase inhibitor which has indications for various therapeutic procedures, including cancer therapy since inhibition of Xanthine Oxidase can inhibit the oxidation of 6-mercaptopurine and potentiate antitumor properties (Pacher et al., 2006; Ribeiro et al., 2007). The metabolites responsible for the antioxidant activities include polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, ergosterol, tocopherols, ascorbic acid and many others (Sánchez, 2016; Zhang et al., 2016a).
Case 20
Published in Edward Schwarz, Tomos Richards, Cases of a Hollywood Doctor, 2019
Edward Schwarz, Tomos Richards
Allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor is used in the prevention of gout. This prevents the breakdown of xanthine to uric acid. It is not prescribed during an acute attack as this may worsen symptoms. Lifestyle measures such as increased exercise, weight loss and reduced alcohol consumption should also be employed.
Free-Radical Toxicity in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Published in Christopher A. Shaw, Glutathione in the Nervous System, 2018
Merit E. Cudkowicz, Robert H. Brown, Richard A. Smith
Further support for the role of free-radical toxicity in ALS comes from studies of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in ALS. The CSF in ALS patients is toxic for neurons in culture (Couratier et al. 1993). This toxicity is blocked by antioxidant drugs, including vitamin E and the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol (Terro et al. 1996).
Advances in pharmacotherapies for hyperuricemia
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2023
Federica Piani, Davide Agnoletti, Claudio Borghi
Both international and European guidelines on the management of hyperuricemia recommend allopurinol as the first-line drug, and febuxostat, another xanthine oxidase inhibitor, as the second-line drug [5]. Uricosuric agents act on renal proximal tubule transporters, reducing UA reabsorption. Lesinurad is an oral selective inhibitor of URAT1 and OAT4 urate transporters; probenecid and benzbromarone only inhibit URAT1 [14]. Recombinant uricases such as pegloticase and rasburicase, which metabolize uric acid into allantoin may also be used in selected scenarios [15]. Finally, the effect of novel cardiovascular medications have shown to lower serum uric acid, such as the nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors [16]. These classes of medications may be a good compromise to reduce uric acid-induced increase in cardiovascular risk until well designed and large randomized controlled studies definitely prove whether to treat asymptomatic hyperuricemia may be of benefit in the context of cardiovascular disease.
Supportive care in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia:Expert-based recommendations of the NOPHO-DB-SHIP consortium
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2022
Nira Arad-Cohen, Bernward Zeller, Jonas Abrahamsson, Jose Maria Fernandez Navarro, Daniel Cheuk, Sauli Palmu, Vitor Costa, Barbara De Moerloose, Henrik Hasle, Kirsi Jahnukainen, Cornelis Jan Pronk, Ólafur Gísli Jónsson, Zhanna Kovalova, Birgitte Lausen, Monica Munthe-Kaas, Ulrika Noren-Nyström, Josefine Palle, Ramune Pasauliene, Kadri Saks, Gertjan JL Kaspers
Increased risk of TLS in AML occurs in patients with WBC > 50–100 x 109/L, organomegaly, preexisting hyperuricemia, LDH ≥ 2xUNL (upper normal limit), increased creatinine, renal and/or urinary tract disorders, severe dehydration and FAB-M5. The mainstay of treatment is the recognition and prophylactic measures to prevent its occurrence. Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor that blocks the metabolism of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid, thus decreasing the formation of new uric acid and reducing the incidence of obstructive uropathy. The drug is inexpensive and can be given orally and is therefore preferred in most patients. Rasburicase, a recombinant urate oxidase, metabolizes urate rapidly to allantoin, which is approximately five to ten times more soluble than uric acid. It is given intravenously, is highly effective, and allows starting chemotherapy earlier than
Recent approaches to gout drug discovery: an update
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2020
Naoyuki Otani, Motoshi Ouchi, Hideo Kudo, Shuichi Tsuruoka, Ichiro Hisatome, Naohiko Anzai
Considering these challenges, new therapies are needed for patients with hyperuricemia who cannot achieve sufficient urate reduction with current therapies. Recent progress on molecularly targeted therapies has generated interest in drug discovery targeting transporters. Lesinurad is an orally administered selective inhibitor of the kidneys’ URAT1 and OAT4, via which it inhibits urate reabsorption and thus increases renal urate excretion and lowers serum urate levels. Currently, it is indicated for use in combination with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor for the treatment of hyperuricemia associated with gout in patients who have not achieved target serum uric acid levels with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor alone. FYU-981(Dotinurad) is a novel, selective urate reabsorption inhibitor, which reduces serum uric acid levels by selective inhibition of URAT1, and was approved in Japan on November 2019. Possible drug discovery targets include not only URAT1 but also other transporters, such as URATv1/GLUT9 and NPT4. Furthermore, the urate transportsome is pivotal as a new concept for regulating urate excretion; if its functional and molecular characterization progresses, it may also become a new target for drug discovery. Drug discovery targeting other transporters, such as URATv1/GLUT9 and NPT4 are being developed in early phase. However, results from pivotal trials are waited for some novel agents.