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Virginiamycin
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Virginiamycin is a streptogramin antibiotic similar to pristinamycin and quinupristin/dalfopristin. It is a combination of pristinamycin IIA (virginiamycin M1) and virginiamycin 51. Virginiamycin binds to and inhibits ribosome assembly in susceptible bacteria, thereby preventing protein synthesis. It is active against gram-positive bacteria. Virginiamycin is currently only used in veterinary practice, both to combat infections and as as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry. It is also employed in the fuel ethanol industry to prevent microbial contamination (1). It was still used in human medicine in France in 1996 (4).
Pristinamycin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Pristinamycin is a mixture of water-insoluble pristinamycin IA (PIA, 90–97%) and pristinamycin IIA (PIIA, 3–10%), derived from Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. The former is a group B streptogramin (a peptidic macrolactone or depsipeptide), whereas the latter is a group A streptogramin (a macrolide: polyunsaturated macrolactone). Structurally similar to pristinamycin, virginiamycin is derived from Streptomyces virginiae and is composed of virginiamycin S and virginiamycin M—respectively, a peptidic macrolactone and a macrolide. Group A and group B streptogramins are bacteriostatic by reversible binding of the 50S subunit of 70S bacterial ribosomes (Pechere, 1997). The molecular structure of the two pristinamycin components is shown in Figure 78.1.
Streptogramins for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Sophie Reissier, Vincent Cattoir
Streptogramins have been considered as potential alternatives for the treatment of Gram-positive infections, because of their rapid bactericidal activity against a wide range of Gram-positive bacteria (including MDR strains), their low prevalence of resistance among clinical isolates, and their good pharmacokinetic properties [13,14]. Streptogramins are also effective against Gram-negative cocci such as Neisseria spp or Moraxella catarrhalis. To date, two streptogramins are prescribed in human medicine. Oral pristinamycin (formerly RP 7293) commercialized under the name Pyostacine® (Sanofi-Aventis, Gentilly, France), is extensively used for 50 years in France, and is currently used in France, Tunisia, and Lithuania. Quinupristin-dalfopristin (formerly RP 59,500), marketed under the name Synercid® (Pzifer, New York), is an injectable formulation approved since 1999 and 2000 in the US and Europe, respectively. Quinupristine-dalfopristine is now only used in the US. Another oral streptogramin, NXL 103 (formerly XRP 2868), underwent phase II clinical trial in 2011 but has not been distributed [15]. Of note, virginiamycin, an oral streptogramin, was therapeutically used in France until late 1990s and as a growth promoter for animals in many European countries until early 2000s and currently in the US, China, Japan, and Canada [16]. Virginiamycin is also used to prevent bacterial contamination in ethanol fuel industry [17].