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Ultraviolet and Light Absorption Spectrometry
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Zoltan M. Dinya, Ferenc J. Sztaricskai
Of the antibiotics with a pyrrole skeleton, netropsin, coumermycins, prodigiosins, verrucarin E, anisomycin, and pyrrolnitrin are the most important. Among these compounds only pyrrolnitrin (107) achieved actual pharmaceutical use. Pyrrolnitrin exhibits absorption at 252 nm (ε max 750 m2/mol) in ethanol solution, and at the same time simple pyrrole derivatives usually display a more intense band in the range 240—270 nm. The antibiotics containing more than one pyrrole unit (such as prodigiosin) show intense absorption in the visible range: at 460—470 nm in alkaline solution and between 520 and 540 nm in acid medium.
Evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of mycotoxin fusaric acid
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2020
Sevcan Mamur, Fatma Ünal, Serkan Yılmaz, Esra Erikel, Deniz Yüzbaşıoğlu
Fusarium fungi are commonly found in temperate climates and their toxins are possibly the most economically significant grain mycotoxins on the global basis (Wood 1992). They produce trichothecenes, such as HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, monoacetoxy-scirpenol, zearalenone, moniliformin, fumonisins, verrucarin A, and fusaric acid (FA) (De Nıjs et al. 1996, Mezes 2008). FA (5-butylpicolinic acid) is a phytotoxin (Gaumann 1957, Stankovic et al.2007) produced by various Fusarium species especially Fusarium moniliforme which grow on maize (Voss et al.1999, Abdul et al.2016). It was first discovered during the laboratory culture of Fusarium heterosporum nees by Yabuta et al. (1937) (Bacon et al.1996). FA was reported to be a potent inhibitor of dopamine b-hydroxylase, which is an indicator for nervous system activity (Reddy et al.1996) and it may interact synergistically with other natural toxins (Bacon et al.1995, 1996, Porter et al.1995, 1996, Voss et al.1999).
Antiproliferative and apoptosis-induction studies of 5-hydroxy 3′,4′,7-trimethoxyflavone in human breast cancer cells MCF-7: an in vitro and in silico approach
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2018
A. Sudha, P. Srinivasan, V. Kanimozhi, K. Palanivel, B. Kadalmani
The nuclear morphology of control and HTMF treated MCF-7 cells was examined for 24 and 48 h. Several unintended biological alterations and harmful impacts in cell membrane and nucleus in the treated cells were expected to take place, owing to the direct interaction of plant-derived cytotoxic compound HTMF with the cellular compartments. As shown in Figure 4, the untreated control cells were normally appeared blue without any distinct pattern of morphological changes. However, a clear evident with nuclear changes and apoptotic body formation was seen in HTMF treated cells and characterized by chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, cytoplasmic vacuolation, nuclear shrinkage, cytoplasmic blebbing, and late apoptosis signs of dot-like chromatin [40]. These cytological changes robustly pointed out that the cells were committed to cell death and apoptosis was persuaded on treatment with HTMF in time-dependent manner (Figure 4). Similarly, the cellular impacts of natural products, such as curcumin [41], naringin [42], benzophenanthridine-type alkaloids [43], and synthetic compounds, such as verrucarin A [21], etc., on cancer cell lines were assessed and reported by several researchers.
Optimization of Myrothecium roridum tode: fries phytotoxin production and bioactivity on water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Wahab Oluwanisola Okunowo, Akinniyi Adediran Osuntoki, Adedotun Adeyinka Adekunle, George Olabode Gbenle, Hamed K. Abbas, Wayne Thomas Shier
Roridin A, verrucarol and verrucarin A from Myrothecium spp. (purity ≥98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Roridin E, epi-isororidin E and roridin H were provided by the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and deoxynivalenol (DON) were purified in this laboratory from Myrothecium sp., culture code number: MVZ8. The commercial herbicide glyphosate was purchased from Zhejiang Xinan Chemical Industrial Group Co., Ltd (Jiande, China), and paraquat from Nanjing Red Sun Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, Jiangsu, China). All culture media components were analytical grade from Sigma (Sigma Co., United Kingdom). This study used M. roridum (IMI 394934) isolated from water hyacinth in Lagos State, Nigeria (Okunowo et al. 2013) and deposited with the Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI), Egham, Surrey, UK. M. roridum was cultured in the following media: potato carrot broth (PCB: potato, 20 g; carrot, 20 g; distilled water, 1 liter); malt extract broth (MEB: malt extract, 20 g, distilled water, 1 liter); potato dextrose broth (PDB: potato, 200 g; dextrose, 20 g; distilled water, 1 liter); potato sucrose broth (PSB: potato, 200 g; sucrose, 20 g; distilled water, 1 liter); Sabouraud broth (SB: peptone, 10 g; glucose, 40 g; distilled water, 1 liter); Czapek Dox broth (ZDB: NaNO3, 2 g; K2HPO4, 1 g; MgSO4.7H2O, 0.5 g; KCl, 0.5 g; FeSO4, 10 mg; sucrose, 30 g; distilled water, 1 liter); and water hyacinth leaf broth (WHB: water hyacinth leaves homogenized in a blender for 3 min, 145 g; and distilled water, 1 liter) was also formulated. All the prepared culture media were filtered through two layers of cheese cloth, supplemented with ampicillin (250 μg/ml) and autoclaved 20 min at 121 °C as 50 ml aliquots in 250 ml conical flasks.