China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
“Pregnant? You Need a Flu Shot!”
Published in Jamie White-Farnham, Bryna Siegel Finer, Cathryn Molloy, Women’s Health Advocacy, 2019
Lisa M. DeTora, Jennifer A. Malkowski
Vaccination came about as a public intervention to protect the common good, and thus it occupies a discursive and epidemiologic intersection between individual persons and the body politic. Koerber et al. (2015) have suggested that vaccination targets the most vulnerable populations, and this circumstance can be traced back to the first vaccination campaigns in nineteenth-century England, which were implemented to control smallpox outbreaks and epidemics that could ravage communities (CDC, 2016a; Heifferon, 2006). Thereafter, new vaccines targeted the military and children, forming a part of the hegemonic and carceral surveillance state that Foucault (1995) describes in Discipline and Punish. Variolation, an early form of immunization, was dangerous and inconsistently effective, and the earliest vaccines used live viruses intentionally to impart mild forms of dangerous diseases (CDC, 2016c). Thus, the UK Vaccination Act of 1853 was expected to harm some children, a conscious articulation of danger to individuals intended to promote the safety of the body politic. These early truths inform the rhetoric Hausman et al. (2014) identified as important precursors to current vaccine debates.
New world cultures and civilizations
Published in Lois N. Magner, Oliver J. Kim, A History of Medicine, 2017
Despite the introduction of Jennerian vaccination in the early nineteenth century, smallpox epidemics remained a threat, especially to Native Americans, throughout the Western hemisphere. In the United States, the Vaccination Act of 1832 assigned the task of protecting Indians from smallpox to the federal government, but funding and resources were always inadequate. Even when vaccines were administered they were often ineffective because of improper preparation or storage. During some outbreaks, no vaccine was available at all, but the epidemics of 1898 to 1899 among the Pueblo and Hopi Indians in New Mexico and Arizona were the last major smallpox epidemics in American Indian history.
History of public health
Published in Liam J. Donaldson, Paul D. Rutter, Donaldsons' Essential Public Health, 2017
Liam J. Donaldson, Paul D. Rutter
In 1853, vaccination of infants was made compulsory in the United Kingdom by an act of Parliament, with penalties for refusal. The 1867 Vaccination Act extended compulsory vaccination to the under-14s. Public attitudes began to turn negative, with large public protests against vaccination policy and the formation of the Anti-Vaccination League. A new act of Parliament in 1898 allowed refusal and the nonenforcement of penalties. This has parallels in modern antivaccine movements around the world and, in the United Kingdom, with the crisis of confidence in the MMR vaccine in the 1990s.
An exploration of vaccination in the 19th century through the eyes of Dr. Albert Mackey
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Following Edward Jenner’s discovery, variolization became widespread in the early 18th century.1 In the United Kingdom, the Vaccination Act of 1840 offered free vaccines for the poor while the Act of 1853 made it mandatory for all newborns to be vaccinated for smallpox within the first 3 months of life. Parents who failed to comply were subject to a fine or imprisonment. In the guise of public health, these laws were considered a political innovation that expanded government authority into areas of traditional civic freedoms.1 However, violent riots broke out in the United Kingdom after the 1853 statute was passed. A new law in 1867 extended the requirement for vaccination to those 14 and older. In the same year, the Anti-Vaccination League was founded in London, providing a nucleus for antivaccination activists.1 Opponents centered their concerns on the violation of human liberty and choice. One early political commentary from 1807, called “The Vaccination Monster,” warned of the dangers of vaccination:
COVID-19 vaccine mandate for healthcare workers in the United States: a social justice policy
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
K. Hagan, R. Forman, Elias Mossialos, Paul Ndebele, Adnan A. Hyder, Khurram Nasir
Compulsory vaccination policies have existed since the 19th century when the United Kingdom government first passed the Vaccination Act of 1853, requiring all children whose health permitted to vaccinate against smallpox within the first three months of life [1]. The act further penalized offending parents with a fine of £1.00 [1]. Although no compulsory vaccination currently exists in the United Kingdom’s national immunization program [2], many European countries have adopted vaccine mandates for specific groups. In a 2010 survey of European nations, nearly half had implemented at least one vaccination mandate in their national programs [3]. In 2017, Italy instituted mandatory vaccination policies against twelve diseases, including measles, tetanus, and rubella [4]. In the United States (U.S.), Massachusetts was the first state to enact a school vaccination requirement in 1855 [5]. Today, all fifty states require children enrolled in public schools to comply with immunization schedules for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, polio, measles, mumps, and rubella, and varicella.
Assessment of benefits and risks associated with dengue vaccination at the individual and population levels: a dynamic modeling approach
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2018
Laurent Coudeville, Nicolas Baurin, Gustavo Olivera-Botello
With respect to vaccine mode of action, the results are consistent with a mechanism where ‘vaccination acts as a silent infection’ which was critical in reproducing the period of increased risk for subjects vaccinated when seronegative. This mechanism means that dengue-naïve subjects face, on their first infection after vaccination, a similar level of risk of symptomatic infection as unvaccinated seropositive individuals face on their second dengue infection. As second infections are more likely to result in dengue hospitalization and severe dengue than first infections, this translated into increased risk for those who were dengue-seronegative over the 5-year period considered in the analysis (see Table 1). This mechanism is reinforced by a fast waning of initial protection for seronegatives which contrasts with the durable protection for seropositives (see Table S4). The model also indicates a role of age-specific differences in efficacy for both seropositive and seronegative subjects already noted in the previous estimation (see Figure S1a–c) but no short-term increase in efficacy upon administration of the second or third dose.