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Cholinergic Antagonists
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Vishal S. Gulecha, Manoj S. Mahajan, Aman Upaganlawar, Abdulla Sherikar, Chandrashekhar Upasani
Primary metabolic site of atropine is liver where it undergoes microsomal oxidation, especially by monooxygenases. Chromatographic separation (HPLC) of urine showed five different metabolites such as atropine, noratropine, tropine, atropine-N-oxide and tropic acid (Van der Meer et al., 1983). Thus, the fraction of administered atropine is metabolized and the remainder is excreted unchanged in the urine (Van der Meer et al., 1986). Negligible amount of atropine is excreted in Biles (Hinderling et al., 1985). After IV injection, 57% injected fraction appears unchanged in the urine as atropine in addition to the presence of 29% of tropine. It is noted that hepatic and renal diseases may influence the pharmacokinetics of atropine (Hinderling et al., 1985).
Hallucinogens, CNS Stimulants, And Cannabis
Published in S.J. Mulé, Henry Brill, Chemical and Biological Aspects of Drug Dependence, 2019
A second family of drugs that stems from the tropane carbon skeleton is based on the structure of scopolamine (Figure 17, R1, R2 is an epoxide ring). It and the related base atropine (Figure 17, R1 = R2 = H) are the principal alkaloids in a variety of intoxicating plants. A number of species of the Datura genus have been employed as intoxicants and for religious purposes both in North39 and South40 America. Henbane (Hyosyamus niger) and Nightshade {Atropa belladonna) are native to the eastern Mediterranean regions and Mandrake (Mandragora officinarum) probably had its origins in western Asia; these have been known and used since prehistoric times. Even on the Australian continent, intoxicating members of the Solanaceae family are found. Pituri (Duboisia hopwoodii) also contains the belladonna alkaloids and its leaves are chewed or smoked for their hallucinogen potential.41 A recent report describes the presence of a tropane alkaloid identical to atropine, but with a 3, 4, 5-trimethoxycinnamyl acid moiety, rather than tropic acid.42 The plant, which is native to Australia, is interestingly of the genus that provides cocaine (Erythroxylon).
Atropine in topical formulations for the management of anterior and posterior segment ocular diseases
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Ines García Del Valle, Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
Atropine is an organic ester that belongs to the group of tropane alkaloids (Figure 1). Its structure resembles to that of acetylcholine consisting of an aromatic tropic acid and a complex organic base tropine [2]. Atropine is racemized during extraction, creating an optically inactive racemate composed of a mixture of enantiomers D-hyoscyamine and L-hyoscyamine, being the levo form biologically active [15].