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Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Betaine (trimethylglycine) is a derived form of amino acid. The principal physiological role of betaine is as an osmolyte and methyl donor (transmethylation). Inadequate dietary intake of betaine often leads to hypo-methylation in many important pathways, including disturbed hepatic protein (methionine) metabolism, and inadequate hepatic fat metabolism, which leads to steatosis and plasma dyslipidemia. Betaine has a principal role in lowering the blood level of homocysteine, which is the key element in cascading development of atherosclerosis (181).
Role of Nutraceuticals in Prevention of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Plant- and Marine-Based Phytochemicals for Human Health, 2018
Betaine, which is N, N, N-trimethylglycine, is a methyl donor. It is present in sugar beet, broccoli, grains, shellfish, and spinach. The methyl donation is very important for proper liver function and reproduction of cells. Betaine is also important for the synthesis of carnitine in the body. Feeding high-fat diet that may lead to NAFLD and disturb S-containing substances metabolism significantly pointed to the possible inhibition of hepatic transsulfuration in NAFLD. Supplementation of betaine proved successful in protection from nonalcoholic steatosis in addi- tion to reducing oxidative stress through an effect on transsulfuration reactions.46
Predictive Biomarkers in Personalized Laboratory Diagnoses and Best Practices Outcome Monitoring for Musculoskeletal Health
Published in Kohlstadt Ingrid, Cintron Kenneth, Metabolic Therapies in Orthopedics, Second Edition, 2018
Methylation controls many aspects of cell function, including DNA and RNA expression of genes and helps to transport or deposit proteins as needed. When methylation is impaired, e.g., when methylation regulators like C complex, magnesium, and trimethylglycine (TMG) are deficient, homocysteine levels increase, and methionine decreases, reflecting defects in sulfur metabolism, detoxification, and methyl group transfer.
A Simple Whole-Blood Polymerase Chain Reaction without DNA Extraction for Thalassemia Diagnosis
Published in Hemoglobin, 2018
Wibhasiri Srisuwan, Thanusak Tatu
Heme liberated from Hb has been proven to be a potent PCR inhibitor by direct inactivation of the thermostable DNA polymerase [6]. This is why the traditional PCR reaction was not possible when adding whole blood directly into the reaction. Al-Soud et al. [6] and Kreader [19] demonstrated that adding BSA or betaine to the reaction mixtures significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of blood. Thus, BSA and betaine were tested in this study, and betaine was found to be the best PCR facilitator in the presence of whole blood compared to BSA. Naturally, betaine is a polyglycine compound (N,N,N-trimethylglycine) [20]. It has been utilized to enhance amplification of GC-rich DNA template, due to its ability to reduce formation of secondary structures [21]. In whole-blood PCR, betaine may absorb heme, hence, removing the inhibitory effect of heme on DNA polymerase [6].
Comparison of the relative stability of pharmaceutical cocrystals consisting of paracetamol and dicarboxylic acids
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2018
Naoto Suzuki, Masatoshi Kawahata, Kentaro Yamaguchi, Toyofumi Suzuki, Kazuo Tomono, Toshiro Fukami
However, selecting the most suitable coformer as the developed API form can be difficult. Generally, novel cocrystals are explored using a screening method with numerous candidate coformers. If several cocrystals are obtained from this method, the most reasonable cocrystal is selected in terms of marketability for drug development. The physicochemical stability of cocrystals is one of the judgment criteria for development. Ensuring the physical stability of the cocrystals is essential because the APIs can be exposed to various severe conditions (high temperature and/or humidity) during production and are required to remain stable in their dosage form under ambient conditions until their expiration date. Thus, selecting more stable cocrystals is quite important in the screening process for successful productization. In the previous result of the cocrystal screening, paracetamol (APAP) cocrystals with maleic acid (MLA), and oxalic acid (OXA) were discovered in addition to that with trimethylglycine [11]. The APAP cocrystals were detected in combination with two dicarboxylic acids: novel MLA and previously known OXA [12] as coformers. However, number of already known APAP is not many, though APAP is typically neutral API with simple chemical structure including amide group.
Betaine Supplementation Moderately Increases Total Cholesterol Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2021
Emilia E. Zawieja, Bogna Zawieja, Agata Chmurzynska
Betaine (trimethylglycine) is a methyl derivative of the amino acid glycine (Craig 2004). It can be found naturally in food, including wheat bran, wheat germ, spinach, beets, wheat bread, and shellfish (Zeisel et al. 2003). In the human body, betaine can be derived from choline oxidation which occurs in the kidneys and liver. The physiological function of betaine is as an organic osmolyte to protect cells under stress and as a source of methyl groups in many biological pathways (Craig 2004). The majority of studies on betaine have focused on its ability to promote health. A one-year study showed that betaine at 20 g/d led to significant biochemical and histologic improvement in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (Abdelmalek et al. 2001).