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Preclinical Antidepressant-Like Effects of Terpenes, Polyphenolics, and Other Non-Flavonoid Phytochemicals
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Gallic acid, or trihydroxybenzoic acid, is a type of phenolic acid. It is found in a wide variety of medical plants including Allan blackia floribunda, Garcinia densivenia, Bridelia micrantha, Caesalpinia sappan, Dillenia indica, Diospyros cinnabarina, Paratecoma peroba, Psidium guajava, Syzygium cordatum, Rhus typhina, Tamarix nilotica, Vitis vinifera, Hamamelis virginiana, Toona sinensis, Oenothera bienni, and Rubus suavissimus. It has been reported to possess antiinflammatory, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective effects.87 In animal studies, it has also shown antidepressant-like effects.
Anti-Cancer Agents from Natural Sources
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Debasish Bandyopadhyay, Felipe Gonzalez
Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, GA) occurs naturally in various plant types and showed antineoplastic efficacy in HCC cells. The majority of liver cancers are HCC type, ranking recently as the third leading cancer in the world. In 2018, over 782,000 people died with this disease worldwide (Cicalese, 2018). In China, it is the second leading cause of cancer death. People with cirrhosis, obesity, diabetes, heavy drinkers, or infected with hepatitis B (HBV) or hepatitis C (HCV) have higher chance to develop HCC. Since Gallic acid caused apoptosis in HL-60RG, dRLh-84, and KB cell lines, it was assumed to cause apoptosis in SMMC-7721 and HepG2 cells, which are also HCC cell lines. Cell lines are a bunch of cells developed to form a single cell causing an overall identical genetic makeup (Kaur et al., 2012). In vivo studies on nude mice, models GU145 and 22Rv1, have confirmed GA’s ability to prevent cell division and growth in prostate cancer cells, following apoptosis (Kaur et al., 2009). Apoptosis is programmed cell death which is a part of organism’s natural development. Two types of apoptotic pathways are possible: extrinsic and intrinsic. Extrinsic pathway commonly refers to receptor death that imitates by transmembrane death receptors. Intrinsic apoptosis is mitochondrial-mediated cell death which occurs when mitochondria liberates cytochrome c to the cytoplasm. This causes cytochrome c to generate a protein complex with the protein APAF1, which causes APAF1 to link to ATP/dATP to form apoptosomes. Apoptosomes activate caspase-9, forming an elevation of caspase level (Pathway maps, 2018). The HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells are prevented through GA by mitochondrial-mediated death (Sun et al., 2016). To determine if GA’s cytotoxic effects only cancer-selective, normal hepatocyte cells (HL-7702), were treated with GA. Possibly GA may not affect normal hepatocyte cells. GA inhibits the cellular functions of HepG2 and SMMC-7721, accordingly cell growth is prevented. It also causes apoptosis in SMMC-7721.
Camellia sinensis
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
In general, tea can be categorised according to its manufacturing processes as oolong tea (partially fermented), green tea (non-fermented) and black tea (completely fermented). Green tea is principally drunk in China and Japan, while black tea is mostly used in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, western regions and other global areas. The worldwide manufacturing of green tea reported only 20% of the overall quantity of tea manufactured, which is around one-fourth of that of black tea (Thakur et al., 2012). The leaves of green tea are manufactured by steaming unprocessed or raw tea leaves at raised temperatures to deactivate the enzymes responsible for polyphenolic oxidisation. Green tea is prepared by brewing and consists of numerous polyphenols that are capable of dissolving in water, for instance, catechins. The most important catechins are epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin and epigallocatechin gallate; 200 millilitres of green tea provides 17, 28, 65 and 140 milligrams of these catechins, correspondingly (Smith, 2011). Several other constituents are also found in green tea, including theanine, theobromine, caffeine, GABA, vitamins, theophylline and 3,4,5-trihydroxy benzoic acid (Chow & Hakim, 2011; Shukla, 2007). Meanwhile, black tea is manufactured by stimulating the enzymatic oxidation of raw tea leaves. The overall level of the catechins is decreased by this method from 40% in green tea to 10% in black tea. Theaflavins, catechins and thearubigins may account for 2–6%, 3–10%, and more than 20% of the desiccated weight in infused black tea, correspondingly (Yang & Hong, 2013). The caffeine content in black tea is identical to that in green tea. Oolong tea comprises theaflavins, catechins and thearubigins; moreover, infused tea may have catechin levels of 8 to 20% of the overall dry material (Shukla, 2007). Numerous derivatives of polyphenols, for instance, chaflosides and theasinensins, are also found in it (Ishida et al., 2009; Yang & Hong, 2013). One of the Japanese green tea brands with great catechins content comprises 154 milligrams of catechins and 23 milligrams of caffeine/100 millilitres. A research study in Japan disclosed that lots of people consume more than ten cups/day (Imai et al., 1997). In this regard, their intake of catechins is approximated to be more than 800 milligrams per day.
Protective effect of Coleus forskohlii leaf-extract compound on progression of cataract against Fructose-Induced experimental cataract in rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Pranay Soni, Surendra H. Bodakhe
The melting point of isolated compound B2 was >260 °C. UV-Visible scan was done between 200–400 nm and maximum absorbance λmax for the compound was obtained at 273 nm. IR spectrum of compound B2 showed absorption bands at 3340.71 (O-H, free hydroxyl group), 2927.94 (Cyclic C-H, str), 2854.65 (Ali- C-H, str), 2364.73 (Alkyne group), 1732.08 (C = O, ester), 1369.46 (C-C ring stretch), 1284.59 (C-C stretching), 1010.70 (O-H, out of plane bend), 887.26 (mono-substituted in aromatic ring), 582.50 (out of plane ring C=C, bend) (Figure 1). The 1H-NMR spectrum of compound displayed the characteristic signals at δH7.01 (H–2 & 6, s), 5.01 (O-H-3, 4 & 5, s), 11.04 (Carboxylic acid O-H’, s). The 13C-NMR spectrum of compound displayed the characteristic signals at Carboxyl (C) – 170.64, 1–125.77 (C), 2 & 6–110.0 (C), 3 & 5–147.62 (C), 4–140.98 (C). 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectrums of Compound B2 isolated from extract C. forskohlii have shown in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. GC-MS data showed m/z = 170.0 (100) [M+] indicative of C7H6O5, and Rt was 1.75 as shown in Figure 4. The Rt 2.43 suggested the presence of gallic acid, and it was confirmed from UV absorbance at 273 nm and melting point. The structures were identified as flavonoids on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data analysis and by comparison of their spectral data with those reported in the literature. The compound characterized as 3,4,5-Trihydroxy-benzoic acid (Gallic acid) as shown in Figure 5.
Gallic acid ameliorates sodium arsenite-induced renal and hepatic toxicity in rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Babak Gholamine, Gholamreza Houshmand, Azam Hosseinzadeh, Mojtaba Kalantar, Saeed Mehrzadi, Mehdi Goudarzi
Gallic acid (GA, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a phenolic compound with various pharmacological properties contributing to the protection of tissues and organs against toxic compounds-induced injury (Constant 1997, Mansouri et al.2013, Oyagbemi et al.2016, Ghaznavi et al.2017, Safaei et al.2018); these therapeutic effects of GA may result from reduction of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses (Sarkaki et al.2015, Safaei et al.2018). Earlier reports from our laboratory showed that GA inhibits spleno-, cardio- and hemato- toxicity in sodium arsenite (SA)-treated rats (Hosseinzadeh et al.2019); we reported that GA reduces SA-induced oxidative stress in heart and spleen tissues through increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the level of GSH. According to previous findings, it was thought that GA may inhibit arsenic-induced oxidative damage in liver and kidney tissues. Current work was, therefore, carried out to investigate effects of GA on sodium arsenite (SA)-induced oxidative stress in liver and kidney tissues.
Enzyme-assisted modification of flavonoids from Matricaria chamomilla: antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect on digestive enzymes
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2020
Elida Paula Dini de Franco, Fabiano Jares Contesini, Bianca Lima da Silva, Anna Maria Alves de Piloto Fernandes, Camila Wielewski Leme, João Pedro Gonçalves Cirino, Paula Renata Bueno Campos, Patrícia de Oliveira Carvalho
Based on the results obtained from UPLC-QTOF-MSE analysis, it could be seen that the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction of polyphenol compounds in the infusion by a combination of glycosyl hydrolases (hesperidinase and galactosidase) led to the increase of aglycone flavonoid levels and of hydroxylated phenolic acids. Derivatives of cinnamic acids (2-hydroxy cinnamic, 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid and 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxycinnamic acids) and of benzoic acids (di and trihydroxybenzoic acids) tended to increase after enzymatic treatment compared to their contents in native infusion. Cinnamic acids, especially those with the phenolic hydroxyl group, are well-known antioxidants and are supposed to have several health benefits due to their strong free radical scavenging properties29. Chlorogenic acid, the major representative of hydroxycinnamic acids, is an ester formed between quinic acid and caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid) and it has been reported that caffeic acid has stronger in vitro antioxidant activity than that of chlorogenic acid30, which might contribute to the increased antioxidant activity of the modified infusion.