China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
A disaster occurred in Turkey when 3000 people sustained damage following ingestion of wheat contaminated by HCB. The survivors of this exposure were left with chemical sensitivity. Several other episodes of mass contamination of food have occurred.106,107 HCB has been found in German schoolchildren,108 New Zealand adults,109 and the U.S. adults.110–112 The primary toxic effect is cutaneous porpheria which involves blistering and epidermolysis of the skin of the face and hands.113–117 HCB is stored in the fat. In rats, 7% comes out in urine, and 27% in feces. Known metabolites, including PCP, pentachlorobenzene, tetrachlorohydroquinone, tetrachlorophenol, and trichlorophenol (TCP), are toxic115–118 and can exacerbate chemical sensitivity (Table 7.9).
Cutaneous Porphyrias
Published in Henry W. Lim, Herbert Hönigsmann, John L. M. Hawk, Photodermatology, 2007
Gillian M. Murphy, Karl E. Anderson
A number of factors contribute to the development of PCT. These include alcohol use, smoking, estrogens, viral infections—particularly hepatitis C and less commonly HIV, and genetic factors such as mutations in the hemochromatosis gene (HFE) and inherited uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD) deficiency (5). Onset of symptoms at an earlier age may be noted in patients with genetic predisposing factors, such as an inherited partial deficiency of UROD or the C282Y/C282Y HFE genotype (6). Hepatitis C is especially prevalent among PCT patients in southern Europe and North America but in itself insufficient to cause PCT (7). Since the large outbreak of PCT in Turkey after hexachlorobenzene ingestion, individual cases and small outbreaks have been reported after exposure to other halogenated cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including di- and trichlorophenols and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin) (8).
Antiseptics *
Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
Phenol denatures and precipitates cellular proteins and thus poisons all cells. In small amounts it has a salicylate-like stimulating effect on the respiratory center. This causes respiratory alkalosis followed by acidosis, which results partly from uncompensated renal loss of base during the stage of alkalosis, partly from the acidic nature of the phenolic radical and partly from derangements in carbohydrate metabolism. Methemoglobinemia may also occur, especially after administration of hydroquinone. The trichlorophenols and 2,4-dimethyl phenol may be carcinogens.
A comparative evaluation of the immunotoxicity and immunomodulatory effects on macrophages exposed to aromatic trihalogenated DBPs
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2019
Yanci Xie, Liujing Jiang, Jingfan Qiu, Yong Wang
Disinfection is needed for the supply of safe drinking water; however, this process forms a number of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). These known and unknown DBPs are generated through reactions between the disinfectants and natural organic matter (NOM) [1]. Among them, aromatic halogenated DBPs are found in chlorinated drinking water. Chlorine is the most commonly used chemical disinfectant. During chlorination, aromatic organic matter can react with free chlorine to generate aromatic chlorinated disinfection byproducts (Cl-DBPs). For instance, the commonly used antimicrobial agent triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4 dichlorophenoxy) phenol), found in products such as toothpaste, can react with free chlorine and form 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) [2]. Bromide and iodide ions are also naturally present in water sources worldwide [3]. Chlorination of drinking water can unintentionally interact with these ions, generating brominated DBPs (Br-DBPs) and iodinated DBP (I-DBPs), such as 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP) and 2,4,6-triiodophenol (TIP) [4–6].
The role of UDP-glycosyltransferases in xenobioticresistance
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2022
Diana Dimunová, Petra Matoušková, Radka Podlipná, Iva Boušová, Lenka Skálová
Under chemical stress, the expression of certain UGTs increases. For example, in Phragmites australis plants exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of organochlorines, significant induction of several UGTs in leaves was observed (San Miguel et al. 2013). Su et al. (2012) have presented a system for 2,4,5-trichlorophenol phytoremediation based on the overexpression of UGT72B1.