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Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Thomas F. DeLaney, David C. Harmon, Karol Sikora, Francis J. Hornicek
Exposure to a few selected industrial chemicals including vinyl chloride, phenoxyacetic acid, arsenic, and phenoxy herbicides may be followed by the appearance of sarcomas. There are, however, a number of inherent problems in occupational epidemiology with small numbers of patients in any given series and the difficulty in isolating a single agent. For these reasons, few associations can be considered established and causal. For example, there is a clear association between vinyl chloride and hepatic angiosarcomas, oxyacetic acid and arsenic. There are reports of an increased incidence of STSs in gardeners (phenoxy herbicides), railroad workers, construction workers exposed to impregnating agents or asbestos, and unspecified chemical workers. The association between exposure to phenoxy herbicides and STS has been corroborated. The last risk may be greater with exposure to phenoxy herbicides contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-dioxin (TCDD) or higher chlorinated dioxins. A role for dioxin per se is controversial, and most recent data question the association. A population-based case control study, however, found no increased risk for STS among Vietnam veterans, including those exposed to Agent Orange, which contains dioxin. High-intensity chlorophenol exposure in jobs involving wood preservation or machinists who use cutting fluids may increase the risk of STS, independent of phenoxy herbicides.
The Paradox of Herbicide 2,4-D Epidemiology
Published in Rhoda G. M. Wang, James B. Knaak, Howard I. Maibach, Health Risk Assessment, 2017
Gregory G. Bond, Ralph R. Cook
2,4-D is produced by the condensation of 2,4-dichlorophenol and monochloroacetic acid. During the manufacture of the precursor chlorophenol, high temperatures and alkaline conditions can favor the production of chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans as unwanted contaminants. As a consequence, the derivative herbicide itself may sometimes contain these impurities in measurable quantities.
Does asbestos cause additional malignancies other than lung cancer and mesothelioma?
Published in Dorsett D. Smith, The Health Effects of Asbestos, 2015
This provocative paper generated a lot of response, and in a letter to the editor of the journal Lancet, published on December 25, 1982, Bengtsson and others from Sweden, brought up the fact that of 109 cases of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 10% were reported to have exposure to asbestos, compared with 21, or 6.3%, of 335 controls. They noted that there was an association between non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and exposure to chlorophenols and phenoxy acids, or organic solvents. Bengtsson and coworkers hypothesized that exposure to other agents may occur in the same occupations where there is exposure to asbestos, and that this interaction had produced confounding. This means that asbestos exposure might simply be a marker of occupations, where there is also exposure to other carcinogenic agents, which are the real cause of the lymphoma rather than the asbestos. (Bengtsson NO, Hardell L, Eriksson M. Asbestos exposure and malignant lymphoma. Lancet 1982;2(8313):1463.)
3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde attenuates pentachlorophenol-induced cytotoxicity, DNA damage and collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential in isolated human blood cells
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Nikhil Maheshwari, Riaz Mahmood
The unrestrained discharge of pollutants in the environment poses a threat to human health. Chlorophenols are environmental toxicants having vast applications in chemical industry and agriculture. They exhibit high toxicity, slow degradation and bio-accumulate in humans who are chronically exposed to these chemicals (Czaplicka 2004). Chlorophenols enhance generation of ROS (Bukowska et al.2008) and oxidize lipids (Duchnowicz and Koter 2003) and proteins (Bukowska et al.2007). PCP is a polychlorophenol containing phenol substituted by five chlorine groups. Epidemiological reports suggest that people living in industrialized societies will have either acute or chronic exposure to PCP (ATSDR 2001). This is of concern since PCP is a mutagen and commercial toxicant and exposure to it represents a significant human hazard. It is, therefore, important to devise methods that mitigate PCP toxicity.
Human psittacosis: a review with emphasis on surveillance in Belgium
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2020
Joanna Rybarczyk, Charlot Versteele, Tinne Lernout, Daisy Vanrompay
C. psittaci is susceptible to many disinfectants and detergents as well as heat but is resistant to acid and alkali. Disinfectants effective against C. psittaci include quaternary ammonium compounds, aldehydes (e.g. formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde), 70% isopropyl alcohol, sodium hydroxide (including a 1:32 preparation of household bleach) and chlorophenols.
H2SO4-modified Aloe vera leaf shells for the removal of P-chlorophenol and methylene blue from aqueous environment
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Ghader Zeydouni, Susana Rodriguez Couto, Heshmatollah Nourmoradi, Hassan Basiri, Patrick Amoatey, Shirin Esmaeili, Sedigheh Saeidi, Fariba Keishams, Mohammad Javad Mohammadi, Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
Water pollution, attributed to increasing wastewater discharges from different industries, is a worldwide environmental problem especially in countries experiencing a drought crisis such as Iran (Li et al.2009b, Basiri et al.2015, Omidi-Khaniabadi et al.2015, Mohammadi et al. 2017a, Zeydouni et al.2018). Phenolic compounds with levels ranging from one to several hundred mg/L are generated by industrial activities including oil refining, pharmaceutical industries, chemical and petrochemical plants, pulp and paper production and insecticides, herbicides and fungicides manufacturing. Para-chlorophenol (p-CP), a phenolic compound, is toxic and its uncontrolled discharge poses a serious risk to the environment (Nguyen and Juang 2015, Omidi-Khaniabadi et al.2015). Therefore, this compound has to be removed from industrial effluents before entering water resources (Kuleyin 2007, Biglari et al.2017). Synthetic dyes are recalcitrant organic molecules, stable to heat and oxidizing agents and resistant to biological degradation (Liu et al.2015), thus the treatment of dye-containing wastewater is very difficult. Most dye components are toxic, carcinogenic, and/or mutagenic, thus being a risk for human and wildlife. In different industries, especially in the textile one, methylene blue (MB) is one of the commonly used dyes for various purposes. Several physical, chemical, and microbial methods, such as chemical oxidation, coagulation-flocculation, membrane technologies, advanced oxidation, biological degradation, electrochemical techniques, and adsorption, have been used to remove pollutants from wastewater (Guo et al.2014, Khaniabadi et al. 2018). Among these processes, adsorption is an effective method for the removal of pollutants from aqueous media since it is highly efficient, simple, and flexible. Furthermore, adsorption does not generate harmful by-products and the regeneration of both the adsorbent and the adsorbate is possible (Laszlo 2005, Monsalvo et al.2011).