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Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
Trichloroethylene is a multipurpose solvent and applied in paint and rubber industry as a degreasing agent and in dry cleaning. It acts predominantly on the nervous system.102,208 Acute exposure produces dysfunction of the facial and optic cranial nerves. Recovery is slow and occurs over a period of months. The pathological mechanism of the cranial neuropathy is not established, but probably is connected with demyelination. Chronic exposure results in trigeminal neuropathy, visual disturbances, tremors, and impaired memory. The major effect of hexachlorobenzene is porphyria with neurological impairment.462 Hexachlorophene is neurotoxic.467,471
The Chemical Environment
Published in Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson, Work and the Health of Women, 2020
Vilma R. Hunt, Kathleen Lucas-Wallace, Jeanne M. Manson
Although women are employed extensively in the electronics industry and dry-cleaning establishments, there has been no epidemiologic study of their reproductive experience. Tetrachloroethylene is used for commercial dry cleaning and metal degreasing. Teratogenic effects of tetrachloroethylene have been reported in mice, and an increased incidence of fetal resorptions has been observed in exposed rats.13 We might conclude that under tetrachloroethylene-exposure conditions, a toxic environment develops in the pregnant uterus. The metabolism of tetrachloroethylene is still under investigation. As in the case of trichloroethylene exposure, trichloroacetic acid and trichloroethanol have been found in the urine of humans and animals. In addition, dichloracetic acid and ethylene glycol have been found in the urine of exposed animals. Frant and Westendorp14 considered the consequences of chronic excretion of trichloroacetic acid, a strong organic acid which may be neutralized in the body by sodium or potassium and can result in the constant elimination of fixed alkali. The carbon dioxide-combining power of the blood could then be impaired.
Hepatotoxic and Hepatocarcinogenic Effects of Chlorinated Ethylenes*
Published in Robert G. Meeks, Steadman D. Harrison, Richard J. Bull, Hepatotoxicology, 2020
Jeffrey L. Larson, Richard J. Bull
The question remains as to the mechanism of tumor induction by TCE, PCE, and their common metabolite TCA. Trichloroethylene, due to the unsymmetric nature of chlorine substitution, has been postulated to cause hepatocellular carcinoma via alkylation of DNA by an epoxide intermediate. However, several studies reveal that TCE is nonmutagenic, or only slightly so (Greim et al., 1975). Attempts to show an interaction of TCE with DNA in vivo have been unsuccessful (Parchman and Magee, 1982; Stott et al., 1982). Mirsalis et al. (1989) report that TCE was unable to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in either Fischer 344 rat or B6C3F1 mouse hepatocytes following in vivo treatment. This indicates that the compound does not produce a repairable DNA adduct in vivo. PCE is nonmutagenic in in vitro mutagenicity assays (Greim et al., 1975). No reaction of perchloroethylene with hepatic DNA has been observed in either rats or mice (Schumann et al., 1980). TCA is apparently also incapable of producing point mutations (Andersen et al., 1972; Waskell, 1978). It would therefore appear that alternate mechanisms must explain the appearance of hepatocellular carcinomas in mice.
Facts and ideas from anywhere
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2021
The most contaminated military base in the USA is the US Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, located in Jacksonville, North Carolina. It is the largest Marine base on the East Coast, supporting a population of >100,000 Marines, their families, and civilian employees. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, a federal public health agency, completed a public health assessment of drinking water at the base and concluded that the people living and working at the base were exposed to “contaminants of concern” in their drinking water from 1953 through 1987. These chemicals included trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, and benzene. Health issues associated with exposure to trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene include infertility, cancer (including a huge cluster of breast cancer in men), and neurobehavioral effects, among others. So many babies born at Camp Lejeune in the 1960s and 1970s died that a nearby cemetery had a section that parents called “Baby Heaven.” Children were born without craniums and with neural tube defects, such as spina bifida and anencephaly. Leukemia and lymphoma were common. Camp Lejeune closed most of the contaminated water wells in 1985, 5 years after the pollution was first discovered. Camp Lejeune is considered by scientists and federal investigators to be the worst and largest water contamination site our country has ever seen!
Kupffer cell inactivation ameliorates immune liver injury via TNF-α/TNFR1 signal pathway in trichloroethylene sensitized mice
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2020
Jia-Xiang Zhang, Qiong-Ying Xu, Yi Yang, Na Li, Yan Zhang, Li-Hua Deng, Qi-Xing Zhu, Tong Shen
Trichloroethylene (TCE), a chlorinated hydrocarbon, is an organic solvent that is used for degreasing and removing impurities from metal parts [1,2]. TCE is also widely used as a chemical intermediate and extractant in chemical, dry-cleaning and textile industries [3]. Workers exposed to TCE were suffered from occupational medicamentosa-like dermatitis due to TCE (OMLDT), also called TCE hypersensitivity syndrome (THS), which was characterized by fever, generalized rash, liver dysfunction and superficial lymphadenopathy [4]. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified trichloroethylene as group I carcinogen in 2012 [5]. Meanwhile, TCE has been identified with immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and kidney toxicity [6,7]. In past 30 years, TCE induced hypersensitivity syndrome had gradually become one of the serious occupational health injury in China. In our previous studies, we found that the immune liver was induced by TCE in BALB/c mouse model, which indicated that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was increased significantly in serum and liver and took an important role in immune liver injury. But the exact effect of the TNF-α in immune liver injury induced by TCE was not revealed yet.
Occupational variation in bladder cancer in Nordic males adjusted with approximated smoking prevalence
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2019
Kishor Hadkhale, Jan Ivar Martinsen, Elisabete Weiderpass, Kristina Kjærheim, Pär Sparén, Laufey Tryggvadóttir, Elsebeth Lynge, Eero Pukkala
Tobacco-smoking and occupational exposure, are the leading risk factors for bladder cancer. It has been estimated that occupational exposure may account for as many as 20% of all the bladder cancer cases in industrialized countries, and it is the second most important risk factor after smoking [1,2]. Workplace exposure to chemical carcinogens such as aromatic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) has been associated with increased risk of bladder cancer among painters, printers, drivers, hairdressers, launderers, and miners [2,3]. Bladder cancer is more common in men than in women, and the risk increases with age. In the Nordic countries, it is the fifth most common cancer in men. Age-standardized incidence rates increased until 1990, with the highest incidence in Denmark and the lowest in Finland [4]. There have been temporal changes in exposure to workplace carcinogens in the Nordic countries. According to the FINJEM, exposure to carcinogens such as benzene, benzo(a)pyrene, and asbestos have substantially decreased in Finland from 1950 to 2008 [5]. Similarly, a Danish study reported decreased exposure to trichloroethylene by 4% from 1947 to 1964 and by 15% from 1964 to 1989 [6]. Another Danish study observed similar decreased trend of exposure to styrene, toluene and xylene over the period of 1955–1988 [7]. A Norwegian study reported a decreasing trend in exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons among the Norwegian industry workers [8]. Overall, the carcinogenic exposures have decreased in last 20 years in the Nordic and in some other industrialized countries [9,10].