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Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Omega-7 and omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acids have one carbon-carbon double bond at the C7 and C9 position respectively. The main omega-7 fatty acid is palmitoleic acid, while the main omega-9 is oleic acid (69–71, 104–105). Palmitoleic acid has the formula: CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH (16 Carbon atoms), while the chemical structure of oleic acid is: CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH (18 Carbon atoms). Palmitoleic acid (omega-7 FA) is mainly found in oil of macadamia nut and oil of sea buckthorn plant at about 17% and 32–42%, respectively (69, 104). It is also present in salmon (6%), cod liver oil (7%) and in smaller amounts in olive oil, chocolate, and eggs. It is also synthetized by the human body and mainly found in serum and tissues, particularly adipose tissue and liver (104). In the human body, it exists under cis-isoform, but trans-isomer can be found due to exogenous source such as ruminant fat and dairy products (104). Palmitoleate is considered to be a lipokine, because it is released from adipose tissue and exerts its actions on distant organs. Although its role in obesity development and its contribution to liver or cardiovascular health is not clear, decreased incident diabetes is certainly associated with higher palmitoleate concentrations (104).
Biological Activities and Safety Aspects of Fucoxanthin
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Naveen Jayapal, Madan Kumar Perumal, Baskaran Vallikannan
FX’s systemic name is 3S,5R,6S,3’S,5’R,6’R)-5,6-Epoxy-3’-ethanoyloxy-3,5’- dihydroxy-6’,7’-didehydro-5,6,7,8,5’,6’-hexahydro-beta,-beta-caroten-8-one. The structure of FX (Figure 22.1) was first elucidated by Englert et al. (1990). FX contains a unique structure with an allelic bond and 5.6- monoepoxy group and six oxygen atoms (Chemspider 2015), with the molecular formula C42H58O6. The unique functional groups hydroxyl, epoxy, acetate and allenic differentiate FX from other carotenoids like β-carotene and astaxanthin. FX extractable solvents are dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol, methanol, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, petroleum ether, acetone, ethyl acetate and n‐hexane (Kim 2011a; Kanda et al. 2014). FX captures a broader spectrum of light than chlorophyll A and C, (449–540nm), which increases the efficiency of photosynthesis (Pyszniak and Gibbs 1992; Kim 2011b). In nature, FX exists in trans or cis configuration. The trans isomer of FX is the more common, comprising ~90% of that found in nature. The trans isomer is chemically more stable and acts as an active antioxidant cis isomer (Nakazawa et al. 2009; Holdt and Kraan 2011). Molecular structure of FX.
Principles
Published in Sarah Armstrong, Barry Clifton, Lionel Davis, Primary FRCA in a Box, 2019
Sarah Armstrong, Barry Clifton, Lionel Davis
Geometric isomerism (cis–trans isomerism) refers to the different arrangement of atoms around a double bond if both constituents are on the same side of the double bond, it is a ‘cis’ isomer, if on opposite sides, it is a ‘trans’ isomer – for example, mivacurium and cisatracurium
Metabolomics profiling to investigate nanomaterial toxicity in vitro and in vivo
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Anne Bannuscher, Bryan Hellack, Aileen Bahl, Julie Laloy, Hildegard Herman, Miruna S. Stan, Anca Dinischiotu, Anna Giusti, Benjamin-Christoph Krause, Jutta Tentschert, Marcel Roșu, Cornel Balta, Anca Hermenean, Martin Wiemann, Andreas Luch, Andrea Haase
Amino acids (AAs) and biogenic amines (BAs) like Asp, Ser, spermidine, putrescine and methionine-sulfoxide (Met-SO) were significantly altered in vivo and in vitro. Ser, Asp and hydroxy-Pro, for example, demonstrated reductions in vivo, which was in line with the effects on macrophages. Met-SO, in contrast, rather reflected responses of epithelial cells visible from increased levels. Putrescine and spermidine were significantly elevated by all NMs in vivo except for SiO2_7, which only appeared elevated in epithelial cells demonstrating a NM-specific response. After instillation with SiO2_15_Unmod and SiO2_15_Amino both cis and trans isomers of hydroxy-Pro were detected, only the cis variant was significantly changed (i.e. decreased). In contrast, the trans isomer could be found altered (i.e. decreased) for SiO2_7 and SiO2_40 and in in vitro studies.
The estrogenic activity of resveratrol: a comprehensive review of in vitro and in vivo evidence and the potential for endocrine disruption
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2020
Resveratrol (3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene, MW 228.24 g/mol, Figure 1) is a natural polyphenolic stilbene and common constituent of several edible plants. Two geometric isomers have been purified for resveratrol, the most abundant sterically stable trans-isomer and the cis-isomer. Naturally, both isomers undergo glucosylation to form the glucoside derivatives trans-piceid and cis-piceid, respectively (Romero-Pérez et al. 1999). They also undergo polymerization at low concentrations to form natural oligostilbenes known as viniferins (Korhammer et al. 1995). The biosynthesis of resveratrol and its derivatives is particularly increased following specific physiological and pathological stresses. In addition, regional and cultivar variations influence the levels of resveratrol and its glucosylated and oligomeric products. The level of resveratrol in a variety of food and beverage products has been reported by several studies and ranges from a fraction of a microgram to less than 2 milligrams per product gram or liter (Langcake and Pryce 1976; Siemann and Creasy 1992; Burns et al. 2002; Weiskirchen and Weiskirchen 2016). Generally, the biological actions and therapeutic properties of the trans-isomer dominated most of the scientific literature and are the present focus of this review. However, it is noteworthy that there has been a simultaneous interest in the actions of the cis-isomer- albeit to a lower extent, and a rising interest in the actions of the glucoside and oligomeric derivatives and most recently, the biological metabolites of the trans-isomer.
Pharmacokinetics and brain targeting of trans-resveratrol loaded mixed micelles in rats following intravenous administration
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
Roshan Katekar, Ganeshkumar Thombre, Mohammed Riyazuddin, Athar Husain, Hiral Rani, Kusuma Sushma Praveena, Jiaur R. Gayen
Resveratrol (RES) is a phytoalexin (compound released by a plant in response to pathogenic infection) and oxidative polyphenolic compound naturally sourced in grapes, berries, peanuts, red wine (Pangeni et al. 2014). Geometric isomers of naturally occurring RES are Cis and Trans configurations, yet the major and mostly studied configuration that is Trans isomer has undertaken for study. Trans-RES (T-RES) is highly photosensitive and tends to convert into Cis-form (Neves et al. 2016) which is not as much potent as T-RES rather than its antiplatelet action (Bertelli et al. 1996).