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Replication
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
Finally, it is noteworthy that the single-stranded MS2 RNA was studied as a potential interferon inductor in the complex with tilorone, an orally active interferon inducer, in Kyiv (Karpov 1997a,b). Thus, the complex was formed due to the intercalation of tilorone into the two-stranded regions of the single-stranded RNA. As a result, tilorone stabilized the spontaneously forming double-stranded RNA regions. The Ukrainian efforts on interferon induction were reviewed substantially by Spivak et al. (2007). It is noteworthy that the effect of the RNA-tilorone combinations in vitro was compared with that of the drug Larifan (Karpov and Zholobak 1995, 1996; Karpov et al. 2001).
Pulmonary fibrosis
Published in Anthony J. Hickey, Heidi M. Mansour, Inhalation Aerosols, 2019
Priya Muralidharan, Don Hayes, Heidi M. Mansour
A preliminary study showed a formulation development of dry powder inhaler of tilorone using Easyhaler® and Twister™ dry powder inhaler devices. This study found an emitted dose of 2.95–4.77 mg of tilorone and fine particle fraction (≤ 5 µm) of 22%–30% was achievable. This result was comparable to similarly aerosolized formulations of pirfenidone and nintedanib (30). The potential effect of tilorone in restoring impaired bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in the lungs was studied in a silica-induced fibrosis mice model (31). This compound must be further studied in vitro and in vivo to elucidate its mechanistic approach in PF.
Emerging therapeutics for the management of COVID 19
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2020
Sujit Kumar Debnath, Rohit Srivastava, Abdelwahab Omri
Tilorone is broad-spectrum antiviral drug that was synthesized 50 years ago. This drug was found to be active in-vitro against different infections, but it has never underwent any safety and efficacy studies. This shows the existence of a therapeutic gap in the treatment against coronavirus. Researchers are expecting that this drug may be effective against coronavirus 2 [157]. Another interesting compound is nitazoxanide, and its metabolite, named tizoxanide. Both showed broad-spectrum antiviral activity in vitro. But, the effectiveness of this drug against COVID-19 patients in clinical trials has not been published yet [158]. Ivermectin (an anti-parasitic) is an FDA-approved drug and included on the WHO model list of essential medicines. This drug is able to reduce the viral RNA by ~500-fold after 48 hours in-vitro. Further investigation is required to find its potency in humans [159].