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The Potential of Medicinal Plants as Treatments for Infections Caused by Aspergillus spp.
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Tefo K. Pule, Marco N. De Canha, Namrita Lall, Quenton Kritzinger
This may suggest that there may be synergistic effects between some plants exhibiting antifungal activity and commercial antifungal agents. Artemisia spp. (Figure 19.3A), Solanum aculeastrum (Figure 19.3B) and Myrtus communis (Figure 19.3C) are examples of medicinal plants reported to have anti-Aspergillus activity. Leaf extracts from Artemisia spp. have been reported to be effective against Aspergillus spp., with the ZOI ranging from 6.25–25 mm (Njoki, Okoth, and Wachira, 2017). Solanum aculeastrum also showed antifungal activity against A. flavus with the positive control, Apron Star (a class III blue active ingredient fungicide containing 20% thiamethoxam + 20% metalaxyl-M + 2% difenoconazole) having a larger ZOI (± 6 mm difference) (Njoki, Okoth, and Wachira, 2017).
Order Tubulavirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Concerning organic crystals, Cho et al. (2015) described preparation of regular, micrometer-sized, tetragonal-bipyramidal crystals of thiamethoxam (TMX), possessing high morphological uniformity, by the controlled aggregation-driven crystallization of primitive TMX crystals with the phage M13. The phage appeared to affect the supersaturation driving force for crystallization.
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
For honeybees, earlier tests have raised the possibility that chronic, nonfatal exposure to neonicotinoids impairs learning, memory, and other capacities that bees need for good flower hunting. To set up a test with bees flying freely outdoors, a research team in France used dental cement to fasten electronic identifiers onto more than 600 bees. Feeding bees low doses of the pesticide thiamethoxam in sugar water provided a realistic exposure, says coauthor Henry538 of the French National Institute for Agricultural Research in Avignon.
Thiamethoxam at sublethal concentrations induces histopathological, serum biochemical alterations and DNA damage in fish (Labeo rohita)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Riaz Hussain, Abdul Ghaffar, Ghulam Abbas, Ghazala Jabeen, Iahtasham Khan, Rao Zahid Abbas, Sobia Noreen, Zahid Iqbal, Iqra Rasheed Chaudhary, Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq, Muhammad Taslim Ghori, Ahrar Khan
Insecticides, herbicides, and pesticides represent the major part of the chemical pollutants that affects the biological system of variety of terrestrial and marine organisms (Ghaffar et al.2015a). Thiamethoxam being an important member of neonicotinoid insecticide and due to its high selectivity is extensively used in agro-production and veterinary practice (Ghaffar et al.2020). Monitoring and determination of toxic effects of pesticides and various environmental pollutants are of vital importance and crucial as these chemicals result in increase generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation and disrupt mitochondrial ATP production in spite of presence of different antioxidants defense mechanisms in somatic cells (Qureshi et al.2016, Ju-Wook et al.2019, Ali et al.2020, Naseer et al.2020). At histopathological levels, the blood-forming and other tissues of the exposed organisms indicate the exact magnitude of risks and severity induced by different environmental and aquatic pollutants depending upon apoptosis and DNA-repair (Ghaffar et al.2016, Faheem et al.2018, Ghaffar et al.2018, 2019, Naz et al.2020). Therefore, in current experimental research, different toxic effects of sublethal concentrations of thiamethoxam were evaluated in freshwater fish.
Toxicity of Suaeda maritima (L) against the Scirpophaga incertulas (W) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) disease and its non-target effect on earthworm, Eisenia fetida Savigny
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Haridoss Sivanesh, Narayanan Shyam Sundar, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan, Vethamonickam Stanley-Raja, Ramakrishnan Ramasubramanian, Sengodan Karthi, Kanagaraj Muthu-Pandian Chanthini, Hesham Saleh M. Almoallim, Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
The present investigation was undertaken to study of integrated management of YSB through use of plant crude extracts and their impact on dead hearts, white heads, productive tillers, yield attributes, and number of predators. Several mangroves and halophytes are extensively used in traditional medicine, only some of them were tested for biological activities (Fennell et al.2004; Babu et al.2020). Seed treatment offers many positive points such as direct delivery of the insecticide to the root zone and vegetative parts of plants thus reducing unwanted chemical load into the environment during aerial application (Lanka et al.2017). It also reduces any chance of chemical drift from the targeted area to other crops or sensitive aquatic habitats. Finally, thiamethoxam being systemic in nature targets only the specific insects causing economic loss sparing the risk of exposure of insecticide to the non-target organisms (Annamalai et al.2017, Lanka et al.2017; Pradhan et al.2015).
Effect of sub-lethal doses of thiamethoxam (a neonicotinoid) on hemato-biochemical parameters in broiler chicks
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2018
Shafia Tehseen Gul, Ahrar Khan, Maqbool Ahmad, Muhammad Farhan Anwar, Aisha Khatoon, Muhammad Kashif Saleemi, Muhammad Naveed Akram
Thiamethoxam (TMX) is a second generation neonicotinoids which has specific activity against the insect nervous system and were initially considered as environment friendly. TMX and other neonicotinoids are applied in agriculture in the form of sprays and seed dressing, which ultimately results in residues. Due to this residual effect, now they are temporarily banned in 2011 and not to be used until further studies (European Commission, 2013; Laycock et al., 2014). Various behavioral, hematological and biochemical changes along with reduced productivity due to stress have been reported in animals even in short-term exposures (Mason et al., 2013; Sinha & Thaker, 2014). However, chronic toxicities can affect all the body systems (digestive, respiratory, renal, cardiovascular, muscular, skin and integument, endocrine system, etc.). Chronic exposure to TMX residues in poultry birds results in egg shell thinning, reduced egg shell production and increase in hatching time (Bharadwaj et al., 2010; Ganguly, 2013).