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Alternaria
Published in Dongyou Liu, Laboratory Models for Foodborne Infections, 2017
Alicia Rodríguez, Andrea Patriarca, Mar Rodríguez, María Jesús Andrade, Juan José Córdoba
The main cause of Alternaria foodborne diseases is due to the production and accumulation of mycotoxins on foods that could lead to acute and, more commonly, chronic effects. Although growth of moulds in foods is not necessarily associated with the formation of mycotoxins,22 in many cases their presence could lead to the accumulation of these metabolites in foods. Only about 30 of the 120 known secondary metabolites of Alternaria are considered toxic to humans and animals, many of them acting as phytotoxins.23 Only a small proportion of such phytotoxins has been chemically characterized and reported to act as mycotoxins in humans and animals. The most important Alternaria mycotoxins are alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT), tenuazonic acid (TeA), tentoxin (TEN), and altertoxins I, II, and III (ATX-I, -II, and -III),24 which belong to three structural classes25: (1) dibenzopyrone derivatives (AOH, AME, ALT), (2) perylene derivatives (ATX-I, -II, -III), and (3) tetramic acid derivatives (TeA). The production of important Alternaria mycotoxins by the most common Alternaria species is shown in Table 30.1.
Electron Beam Irradiated Chitosan elicits enhanced antioxidant properties combating resistance to Purple Blotch Disease (Alternaria porri) in Onion (Allium cepa).
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Harshvardhan Dattatray Gaikwad, Sunil Govind Dalvi, Shrihari Hasabnis, Penna Suprasanna
Onion is the most extensively grown vegetable species in the Allium genus but is challenged by fungal diseases such as purple blotch, Stemphylium blight, downy mildew, Fusarium basal rot, white rot, rust, smut, and black mold. Purple blotch caused by Alternaria porri is a devastating foliar diseases in all the Allium cultivating countries (Kareem et al. 2012). Alternaria sp. is the most mycotoxigenic fungi which secretes toxins such as tenuazonic acid, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, and tentoxin with demonstrated role in mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and metabolic disorders (Lee et al. 2015; Escrivá et al. 2017). Alternaria porri infection results in severe yield losses ranging from 5% to 96.5% in both the bulb and seed crop (Gupta et al. 1994). Since biological control measures are unable to control the disease successfully, chemical fungicides are majorly advocated (Yadav et al. 2017). Although other practices such as low dense planting, well-drained soil, the application of drip irrigation, and use of resistant or tolerant variety and fingicide spray are adopted, prevention of the purple blotch disease is still a major challenge (Mishra et al. 2014). Chemical control through seed treatment with thiram and frequent application of recommended fungicides like foliar sprays of mancozeb (Shaikh and Anandhan 2013) often results in the development of resistance in pathogenic fungi and presence of residue has become a major environmental concern (Damalas and Eleftherohorinos 2011).
Prevention and Detoxification of Mycotoxins in Human Food and Animal Feed using Bio-resources from South Mediterranean Countries: a Critical Review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2023
Amina Aloui, Jalila Ben Salah-Abbès, Abdellah Zinedine, Amar Riba, Noel Durand, Jean Christophe Meile, Didier Montet, Catherine Brabet, Samir Abbès
El-Desouky and Naguib (2013) detected ZEN in 40% of wheat samples (n = 60) with a mean level of 1.55 µgkg−1, 20% of white corn samples and 26.6% (4/15) of barley samples with a mean level of 1.7 µgkg−1 and 1.25 µgkg−1 respectively, whereas the highest level of ZEN was detected in yellow corn (range: 2.5 to 3.7 µgkg−1). On the other hand, Abdallah et al. (2017) investigated the incidence of multiple mycotoxins in 77 animal feed and 79 maize samples collected from three regions in Upper Egypt. They showed that all samples were contaminated with at least four toxins and FB1 was detected in above the half of the samples. A total of 54 analytes were found in each sample, with maximum values ranging from 0.04 µgkg−1 for tentoxin to 25 040 µgkg−1 for kojic acid. However, Abdallah et al. (2019) detected AFB1 in 15/61 samples of maize and in 8 out of 17 samples of animal feed, which was the predominant mycotoxin with a mean level of 8.7 and 1.5 µgkg−1, respectively. AFB2 was observed in six maize samples and in one animal feed with a mean level of 2.2 and 0.5 µgkg1. ZEN was detected only in 23.5% of animal feed (range: 1 − 11.9 µgkg−1), while OTA, AFG1, and AFG2 were under the limits of detection. For milk, all of the analyzed samples were contaminated with AFM1, and 14 of them (70%) had concentrations above the limits of the European regulation (EC) N° 1881/2006 (0.05 µgkg−1). The concentrations ranged from 0.02 µgkg−1 to 0.19 µgkg−1, except that of one sample, which was under the limit of quantification. Madbouly et al. (2012) determined the concentration of AFs and FB in maize and rice grains collected from local markets of the major five zones of the province of Cairo, Egypt. Total AF detected in maize and rice averaged 9.75 and 5.15 µgkg−1, respectively. FB detected in maize and rice averaged 33 and 1014 µgkg−1, respectively.