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Scombrotoxin
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Inhibition of the activity of the HDC enzyme by food-grade substances, such as meadowsweet, spices, and algae extract, has shown some promising results. Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) was found to inhibit the HDC from M. morganii with half maximal inhibitory concentration values of 1.5, 4.4, 6.1, and 6.8 for rugosin D, rugosin A methyl ester, tellimagrandin II, and rugosin A, respectively (121). Similarly, Shakila et al. (122) examined the inhibitory effect of spices on HDC enzymes. Clove and cinnamon showed significant inhibitory activity on the HDC from M. morganii, whereas turmeric and cardamom had moderate effects. Kim et al. (123) reported a significant inhibitory activity of Ecklonia cava and Eisenia bicyclis brown algae extract on crude HDCs from M. morganii of about 20% and 34%. The main limitation on using these substances is their undesirable effects on flavor and taste of fish.
Protective effect of acrocarpus fraxinifolius extract against hepatic fibrosis induced by Gamma irradiation and carbon tetrachloride in albino rats
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Omama E. El-Shawi, Heba A. S. El-Nashar, Sahar S. Abd El-Rahman, Omayma A. Eldahshan, Abdel Nasser B. Singab
Collectively, histopathology studies and biochemical analysis detected the hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effect of AFL extract denoted by reducing animal mortality, restoring hepatic enzymes and enhancement of metabolic activity. Moreover, the anti-fibrotic effect of the extract is attributed to different mechanisms, including downregulation of α-SMA expression, decreased HP level and collagen type-1 expression, inhibition of TGF-α level, concomitant with downregulation of the mRNA of TGF-α expression and regulation of MMP-9/TIMPs-1 system in liver tissue. The anti-fibrotic effect of AFL extract may be due to synergistic effect of its phytoconstituents of tannins and flavonoids that were previously reported including gallic acid, myricetin-3-O-α-rhamnoside, quercetin, tellimagrandin II and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (Weiskirchen 2015; El-Nashar et al. 2020c). Others reported that gallic acid protected against CCl4-induced liver fibrosis via its antioxidant properties (Latief et al. 2016). Moreover, gallic acid attenuated HSCs activation, downregulated TGF-β and HP levels, decreased collagen deposition, TIMP-1 protein expression and consequently enhanced refurbishment of extracellular matrix (El-Lakkany et al. 2019). Further, Domitrović et al. (2015) found that the expression of TGF-β and α-smooth muscle actin were markedly agitated in fibrotic liver model that received myricetin-3-O-α-rhamnoside, indicating its capability to inhibit the pro-fibrotic response. Other investigators as Li et al. (2018) manifested that quercetin significantly inhibited HSC activation, as well as fibrogenic markers such as TGF-β and collagen-1 expression.