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Battlefield Chemical Inhalation Injury
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
With acute exposures, the effects of this agent (Grob and Harvey, 1958) are similar to Tabun although effective at lower doses. Generally full respiratory recovery is obtained with appropriate support unless there has been hypoxic damage to the central nervous system. With vapor inhalations, wheezing will appear rapidly and, if not lethal, may persist for 1-2 days. Systemic absorption (oral, dermal), if not lethal, may result in residual wheezing for several days. Individuals with mild, low-level, or chronic exposures show increased sensitivity to recurrent exposures.
Insecticides
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
The OP insecticides were originally developed as nerve gases for use as possible chemical warfare agents during World War II. The first of these compounds was TEPP. The biological action of the nerve gases, such as sarin, tabun, and soman, is similar to, but more toxic than, that of the OPs. Soman is not only the most toxic of the three but one of the most toxic compounds ever synthesized, with fatalities occurring with an oral dose of 10 μg/kg in humans (see Chapter 34).
Chemistries of Chemical Warfare Agents
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Terry J. Henderson, Ilona Petrikovics, Petr Kikilo, Andrew L. Ternay Jr., Harry Salem
General Remarks: Tabun was the first compound ever identified as a nerve agent and was discovered by accident in January 1936 by the German chemist Gerhard Schrader. The chemist was experimenting with OPs to create effective insecticides for I.G. Farben (Elberfeld, Germany), a German chemical and pharmaceutical conglomerate. Research demonstrated that in addition to being a potent insecticide, tabun was enormously toxic to humans. A chemical plant for the manufacture of tabun was established in 1939 in Dyhernfurth, Germany (now Brzeg Dolny, Poland), with production beginning in June 1942 (Borkin, 1997) for use in World War II. The plant was captured by Soviet forces near the end of the war, and the Soviet government had the plant dismantled and moved to the Soviet Union soon after.
Novichok: a murderous nerve agent attack in the UK
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2018
J. Allister Vale, Timothy C. Marrs, Robert L. Maynard
Nerve agents (predominantly tabun) were employed by Iraq in the Iran–Iraq war in 1984–1988 and against that country’s own Kurdish population in 1988 in the Al-Anfal Campaign. Terrorists released nerve agents in Japan on 11 occasions in 1994–1995: sarin, for example, was used in Matsumoto in 27 June 1994 and in the Tokyo subway attack 20 March 1995 [10,11]. Sarin was also released in Ghouta, Syria in August 2013 when 1400 people were killed. In April 2017, sarin was used again in an attack on Khan Sheikhoun, in northern Syria, that killed more than 80 civilians. VX was used as a weapon of assassination in Osaka on 2 December 1994 [12] and on 13 February 2017 when Kim Jong-nam, the estranged half-brother of the North Korean ruler, Kim Jong-un, was killed at Kuala Lumpur International airport after his face was smeared with the agent.
Impairment of wound healing by reactive skin decontamination lotion (RSDL®) in a Göttingen minipig® model
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
Jessica M. Connolly, Robert S. Stevenson, Roy F. Railer, Offie E. Clark, Kimberly A. Whitten, Robyn B. Lee-Stubbs, Dana R. Anderson
Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion (RSDL®) is an individually carried skin decontamination kit approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2003 for use against chemical or biological warfare agents1–5. RSDL is currently employed by the United States Armed Forces as the Joint Service Personnel/Skin Decontamination System, providing personnel the ability to rapidly decontaminate skin and equipment upon exposure1,5,6. It enables removal and neutralisation of vesicant and nerve chemical warfare agents (CWA’s) to include sulphur mustard (HD), soman (GD), sarin (GB), tabun (GA), VX, and T-2 toxin1,3,5,7–9.
HI-6-loaded PEGylated liposomes: an on-site first-aid strategy for acute organophosphorus agent poisoning
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Liao Shen, Yadan Zhang, Qimei Cai, Jun Yang, Yongan Wang, Dongqin Quan
Organophosphorus agents (OPs) typically have strong neurological effects. Some of them have high toxicity and rapid lethal effects, such as soman, sarin, tabun, and VX, which were named chemical warfare agents (Hulse et al., 2019). In 2013, sarin is deemed to be used in the Ghouta chemical weapons attack, killing about 1300 people and countless animals. In 2017, Kim Jong-nam was assassinated at a Malaysian airport by VX, a colorless and odorless deadly nerve agent that can kill people in minutes. Although chemical warfare agents have been banned by international convention, OP nerve agents still pose a big threat to public safety (John & Thiermann, 2021).