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Battlefield Chemical Inhalation Injury
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Because of the relative ease with which biotoxins can be produced, such agents are likely to represent a new range of warfare agents. Concern has already been expressed regarding the possible active use of one example of such a biotoxin: T2 mycotoxin (known more popularly as “yellow rain”) (Seeley et al., 1985).
Potential application of probiotics in mycotoxicosis reduction in mammals and poultry
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Alaleh Zoghi, Svetoslav Dimitrov Todorov, Kianoush Khosravi-Darani
The most extremely toxic for animals is T-2 mycotoxin. However, sensitivity to T-2 varies among farming animals (mammals and poultry species). For dairy cows, T-2 mycotoxin can be related to feeding refusal, GIT inflammations, including gastroenteritis, intestinal hemorrhages, and even death, compared to the poultry where intoxication with the mentioned mycotoxin results in it intestinal lesions and weight loss (Haque et al. 2020). Intoxications with T-2 mycotoxin occur after feeding on feed composed of grain, hay, and straw, wintering in the open spaces, and contaminated with mycotoxin-producing fungal species. As the effect of T-2 mycotoxin poisoning, the metabolic pathways in different farming animals’ organs are also altered. Adhikari et al. (2017) reported that the spleen, thymus, stomach, and liver in the Wistar rats animals’ models were highly influenced after the exposure to T-2 toxin.
Does low concentration mycotoxin exposure induce toxicity in HepG2 cells through oxidative stress?
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2020
Mercedes Taroncher, Maria-Chiari Pigni, Maria-Natalia Diana, Ana Juan-García, Maria-Jose Ruiz
The T-2 mycotoxin is an amphophilic molecule. It is thought to be taken up into the cell double layer membrane, followed by the induction of LPO through the generation of oxidizing molecular species – thereby leading to potential damage to the cell membrane. Malondialdehyde production was directly proportional to T-2 concentration in TM3 Leydig cells (Yuan et al. 2016), neuroblastoma cells (N2a) (Zhang et al. 2018) and rat pituitary cells (GH3; Liu et al. 2017). Moreover, there was an increase in MDA levels depending on the exposure time, reaching four-fold (10 ng/ml, Chaudhari et al. 2009) and from 3.19 to 6.19 nmol/mg protein compared to the untreated control cells at 24 h of exposure (Zhang et al. 2018). The study by Zhang et al. evidenced a parallel and simultaneous increase in ROS and LPO. This fact is not surprising, since as is known, the hepatotoxicity produced by T-2 is associated to LPO.
Mycotoxins occurrence in milk and cereals in North African countries – a review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Khouloud Ben Hassouna, Jalila Ben Salah-Abbès, Kamel Chaieb, Samir Abbès
A recent study in Tunisia showed that wheat and barley were contaminated by ZEN, AFs and OTA however; maize was only contaminated by FBs with 57.14%. These mycotoxins can also contaminate wheat and barley samples, with respective frequencies of 20.83% and 40% and maximum contamination levels of 421 μg/kg and 7455 μg/kg, respectively. Wheat and barley samples were also contaminated by DON with 12.5% and 20% respectively and the maximum contamination value were 212.30 μg/kg and 105.40 μg/kg, respectively. In addition, T-2 mycotoxin was also detected in 4.17% and 15% in wheat and barley respectively. ZEN was detected at low frequencies with 8.33% in wheat and 5%, in barley. The maximum contamination levels were 32.40 μg/kg and 21.20 μg/kg, respectively (Jedidi et al. 2021). Also, Ennouari et al. (2013) found DON in 9 out of 81 total samples of durum wheat (11.1%), with concentrations ranging from 65 to 1310 µg/kg. According to Juan et al. (2017), 62% of Tunisian raw barley was contaminated and DON was the most common mycotoxin, it was founded in 23% of the total samples, HT-2 mycotoxin was also detected. In same study, OTA was also found in 2 samples with a mean concentration of 0.6 µg/kg and the contamination value ranging from 2.9 to 3 µg/kg. In accordance with results of Oueslati et al. (2012), wheat and barley from Tunisian market was contaminated with HT2 and AFG2 with concentrations levels ranging from 4.97 to 11.1 µg/kg and from 1 to 52.4 µg/kg, respectively. Also, they found in Tunisian sorghum the highest level of FB1 (120 µg/kg). In 2014, Oueslati et al. reported that Tunisian sorghum was contaminated also by OTA (98%) and with a mean contamination value of 1.93 µg/kg. Also, in Tunisian Sorghum, Lahouar et al. (2018), identified FB1 in 22 samples, with concentration ranging from 0.03–9.48 µg/kg. In 13 samples, OTA was found in quantities ranging from 1.04–27.8 µg/kg. In addition, ZEN was found in 13 samples, with concentrations ranging from 3.7 to 64.5 µg/kg. Houissa et al. (2019), found both AFB1 and OTA in Tunisian Pearl millet with rates of 8.6% and the average levels were 106 and 69.4 µg/kg, respectively.