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Respiratory Infections
Published in Miriam Orcutt, Clare Shortall, Sarah Walpole, Aula Abbara, Sylvia Garry, Rita Issa, Alimuddin Zumla, Ibrahim Abubakar, Handbook of Refugee Health, 2021
Bronchitis is usually self-limiting. Encourage supportive measures, including rest, hot tea, smoking avoidance and throat lozenges. There is no evidence that cough syrups are of benefit, but some patients may like them. Inhaled beta-agonists, for example salbutamol, can be used if there is wheeze or underlying bronchial airways disease. Avoid antibiotics unless there are features of bacterial infection. For infective exacerbations of COPD (without pneumonia), 200 mg doxycycline on the first day, 100 mg on four subsequent days and five days of 30 mg prednisolone in the morning is an appropriate first choice. For pertussis, macrolides are first line; identify local public health notification pathway for testing.
An Overview of Important Endemic Plants and Their Products in Iran
Published in Raymond Cooper, Jeffrey John Deakin, Natural Products of Silk Road Plants, 2020
Rosa canina (Figure 7.12) is a deciduous bushy tree growing up to 3 m at a fast rate. The flowers are hermaphrodite. The plant is self-fertile. It is suitable to grow in light (sandy), medium (loamy), and heavy (clay) soils; prefers well-drained soil; and can grow in heavy clay soil. It is suitable to grow in the soil with acid, neutral, and basic (alkaline) pH. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It prefers moist or wet soil. The petals, hips, and galls are astringent, carminative, diuretic, laxative, ophthalmic, and tonic. The hips are taken internally in the treatment of colds, influenza, minor infectious diseases, scurvy, diarrhea, and gastritis. A syrup made from the hips is used as a pleasant flavoring in medicines and is added to cough mixtures. A distilled water made from the plant is slightly astringent and is used as a lotion for delicate skins. The seeds have been used as a vermifuge. The fruit of many members of this genus is a very rich source of vitamins and minerals, especially in vitamins A, C, and E, flavonoids, and other bioactive compounds. It is also a fairly good source of essential fatty acids, which is unusual for a fruit. It is being investigated as a food that can reduce the incidence of cancer and also as a means of halting or reversing the growth of cancers (Zargari, 2014; Mozaffarian, 2011; Plant for a Future; Wenzig et al., 2008).
Thrombosis in Children
Published in Hau C. Kwaan, Meyer M. Samama, Clinical Thrombosis, 2019
Eric F. Grabowski, Margaret W. Hilgartner
The indications for use, therefore, are the same for the child as well as the adult: epistaxis, traumatic injuries in the oropharynx, exfoliating teeth, dental extraction, or surgery. For children, the dose is 100 mg/kg body weight given every 6 h for 7 d. Side effects are rarely seen in children as they are in the adult and the syrup form is well tolerated. Best effects are obtained if the drug can be started prior to surgery or before replacement therapy is given.
Antioxidant and in vitro cytogenotoxic properties of Amburana cearensis (Allemão) A.C.Sm. leaf extract
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
José Rafael da Silva Araujo, Juliana Vieira de Barros Arcoverde, Marília Grasielly de Farias Silva, Edson Renan Barros de Santana, Persio Alexandre da Silva, Silvany de Sousa, Neide Santos, Pedro Marcos de Almeida, Cláudia Sampaio de Andrade Lima, Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon, Rafael Jorge Santos Aracati Padilha, Marccus Alves, Ana Christina Brasileiro-Vidal
Medicinal plants are considered great exogenous antioxidant source due to their diverse secondary metabolites, preventing free radicals' oxidative damage (Neha et al.2019). Amburana cearensis (Allemão) A.C.Sm. (Leguminosae), popularly known as ‘cumaru’ or ‘amburana-de-cheiro,’ is an endemic tree in South America, native to Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Peru (Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) 2021) and currently considered at risk of extinction (International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 2021). Parts of this medicinal plant are employed as tea or syrup to treat respiratory disorders, like colds, bronchitis, flu, and asthma (Albuquerque et al.2007; Agra et al.2008; Cartaxo et al.2010; Bitu et al.2015).
Orodispersible tablets for pediatric drug delivery: current challenges and recent advances
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Raphael Wiedey, Marcel Kokott, Jörg Breitkreutz
Nevertheless, there are a variety of issues that arise in the use of liquid formulations. In comparison to solid dosage forms, drug substance stability is usually reduced, and due to the higher volumes and masses, storage and shipping are usually economically disadvantageous [7]. The reduced stability in many cases demands the addition of excipients, which are considered critically, e.g. preservatives and organic solvents [7]. If the drug substance is dissolved in the liquid phase, it will come into direct contact with taste buds on the tongue and the, often poor, taste can be sensed [10]. In recent years, evidence has been presented demonstrating that acceptability of oral liquids is not ideal either, especially in neonates and infants [11]. Administered liquids (e.g. a syrup) can be fully or partially spat out, making it in many cases hard to reliably trace the fraction of the dose that was actually ingested [11].
Food and beverages undermining elderly health: three food-based dietary guidelines to avoid or delay chronic diseases of lifestyle among the elderly in South Africa
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2021
Yasaman Jamshidi-Naeini, Gugulethu Moyo, Carin Napier, Wilna Oldewage-Theron
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines sugars as (a) intrinsic sugars that are present in the structure of fruits and vegetables by nature (fructose); (b) sugars that are present in dairy (lactose and galactose); (c) free sugars including monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods and beverages by the food industry or the consumer; and (d) sugars naturally present in honey, syrups, fruit juices and fruit juice concentrates.37 Based on the definition by the WHO, it seems that the terms ‘free sugars’ and ‘added sugars’ are used interchangeably. Added sugars could be listed under different names on food labels, including brown sugar, corn sweetener, corn syrup, dextrose, fructose, glucose, high-fructose corn syrup, honey, invert sugar, lactose, malt, syrup, maltose, molasses, raw sugar, sucrose, trehalose and turbinado sugar.38 Foods with intrinsic sugars generally have more favourable nutrient profiles compared with those with added sugars that are added to foods during processing and preparation including mostly foods (e.g. jam, biscuits, cake, sweets, chocolates, sweetened breakfast cereals) and beverages (e.g. carbonated sugar-sweetened beverages, sweetened fruit and dairy drinks, fruit-flavoured squashes) higher in energy and lower in nutrient density.39