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More Complicated Linear Models
Published in John G. Wagner, Pharmacokinetics for the Pharmaceutical Scientist, 2018
An example is the administration of 1.25 ml of an aqueous solution- suspension of spectinomycin containing 400 mg/ml (D = 500 mg) to six volunteers intramuscularly [8]. The mean serum concentrations were fitted with the triexponential Equation (54) and the fit is shown in Figure 2.5.
Formulary
Published in Sarah Bekaert, Alison White, Integrated Contraceptive and Sexual Healthcare, 2018
Sarah Bekaert, Alison White, Kathy French, Kevin Miles
Spectinomycin is an aminocyclitol antibacterial that acts by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and inhibiting protein synthesis. Its activity is generally modest, particularly against Gram-positive organisms. Anaerobic organisms are mostly resistant. Although generally bacteriostatic, spectinomycin is bactericidal against susceptible gonococci.
Spectinomycin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Similar to streptomycin (see Chapter 130, Streptomycin), spectinomycin acts at the 30S ribosomal subunit, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. In E. coli, it was shown to block the swiveling of the head domain of the ribosomal subunit, thereby disrupting the translocation cycle (Borovinskaya et al., 2007). At high concentrations it is not bactericidal to E. coli (Davies et al., 1965). In studies using N. gonorrhoeae, Ward (1977) showed that spectinomycin was more bactericidal than penicillin G, tetracycline, and kanamycin. Spectinomycin also produces alterations in the surface morphology of gonococci, leading to their lysis. This possibly results from the action of spectinomycin on the ribosomes resulting in inhibition of the cytoplasmic membrane proteins and interference with the osmotic integrity of the cell (Ward, 1977).
Exopolysaccharides metabolism and cariogenesis of Streptococcus mutans biofilm regulated by antisense vicK RNA
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Yuting Sun, Hong Chen, Mengmeng Xu, Liwen He, Hongchen Mao, Shiyao Yang, Xin Qiao, Deqin Yang
Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study are listed in Appendix Table 2. The transcription sequencing results of rnc mutant strains and the UA159 strain were uploaded in on the website of national center for biotechnology information (NCBI), accession: SRR22348593-SRR22348598. The sequences of ASvicK and ASvicK with HIS tag are listed in Appendix Figure 1. Sequences of vicK were obtained by oligonucleotides synthesis (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China) and the promoter sequence was synthesized [30]. The mutant strains were constructed using the shuttle vector pDL278 inserted ASvicK, ASvicK with HIS tag and vicK sequences and transformed into DH5α then extracted and were determined through BamH I and EcoR I enzyme for Gel electrophoresis and sequencing identification (Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China). For the transformation, the mid-exponential-phase S. mutans with the competence stimulating peptide (CSP, 1 μg/mL) and recombinant plasmids were cultured for 3 h in an atmosphere of 80% N2 and 20% CO2 at 37°C. The bacterial cultures were plated onto BHI supplemented with spectinomycin (1 mg/mL) and incubated in an atmosphere of 80% N2 and 20% CO2 at 37°C for 48 h. Single colonies were screened and subcultured for 48 h. The levels of ASvicK and vicK expression in the resulting mutants were monitored and compared to its level of expression in UA159 by RT-qPCR.
Neonatal ocular prophylaxis in the United States: is it still necessary?
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
Susannah Franco, Margaret R. Hammerschlag
The incidence of neonatal gonococcal ophthalmia is related to the prevalence of gonococcal infection in women of child bearing age. Treatment of sexually active women and their sex partners has been recommended since the 1970s, when the first CDC treatment recommendations for gonorrhea were published in 1972, 1974, and 1979 [51]. The recommendations specifically state that ‘all pregnant women should have endocervical cultures examined for gonococci as an integral part of prenatal care’. The treatment regimen recommended at that time was a single dose of aqueous procaine penicillin administered intramuscularly plus oral probenecid for uncomplicated gonorrhea in men and women, including pregnant women [52]. Erythromycin was only recommended for use in pregnant women who were allergic to penicillin; IM cefazolin and spectinomycin were recommended as alternatives. Due to increasing resistance, penicillin and tetracycline were no longer recommended for treatment of gonorrhea by 1989. Single-dose IM ceftriaxone became the treatment of choice for uncomplicated gonorrhea in adolescents and adults, including pregnant women, in 1989 [53].
Layer-by-layer coated hybrid nanoparticles with pH-sensitivity for drug delivery to treat acute lung infection
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Ji Luo, Xiaobo Li, Siyuan Dong, Peiyao Zhu, Wenke Liu, Shuguang Zhang, Jiang Du
In this study, inspired by the acidic microenvironment at the infection site (Zhang et al., 2019; Ma et al., 2020; Chen et al., 2021), we developed a hybrid nanoparticle based on liposome and polymer through an extrusion and LbL processes for delivery of antibiotics to treat the acute lung infection (Figure 1). Here, spectinomycin is selected as a model antibiotic (Lee et al., 2014), and was encapsulated into the liposomal core through the pH-gradient method. The liposomes were prepared based on 1, 2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol) (DSPG) and hydrophobic cholesterol (Chol) with good biocompatibility. The polycationic polymer poly(β-amino ester) (PBAE), widely used as drug delivery carriers with pH sensitivity, was used as a functional layer for pH-triggered drug release performance (Zhang et al., 2014; Kaczmarek et al., 2016; Huang et al., 2017; Li et al., 2018; Men et al., 2020). The polyanionic sodium alginate (NaAIg) layer is successively deposited on the surface of NPs via the LbL process (Jain and Bar-Shalom, 2014; Ilgin et al., 2020), resulting in Spe-loaded liposome-polymer hybrid NPs (Spe@HNPs). The physicochemical properties of Spe@HNPs, including hydrodynamic diameter, surface charge, drug loading content, and release performance are thoroughly investigated. The antibacterial efficacy and cytotoxicity in vitro are assessed. The therapeutic efficacy against acute lung infection in vivo is evaluated. This designed Spe@HNPs might be a promising nanomedicine for anti-infection.