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Inhalation Toxicology of Chemical Agents
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Stanley W. Hulet, Paul A. Dabisch, Robert L. Kristovich, Douglas R. Sommerville, Robert J. Mioduszewski
For systems that generate nerve agent vapor, the stability of the generated atmosphere can be continuously monitored by using hydrogen flame emission detection, a selective monitor for phosphorus-containing species. Additionally, a quantitative measurement of the agent concentration in the chamber can be determined using solid-phase sorbent tubes. Small samples of the nerve agent vapor–containing environment are pulled through glass tubes containing a sorbent material, such as TENAX TA. Once the sample is collected, the amount of agent is quantified using gas chromatography. If the amount of air drawn through the sorbent tube is known, the concentration of nerve agent (mg/m3) can be calculated (Muse et al., 2006).
Breathomics and its Application for Disease Diagnosis: A Review of Analytical Techniques and Approaches
Published in Raquel Cumeras, Xavier Correig, Volatile organic compound analysis in biomedical diagnosis applications, 2018
David J. Beale, Oliver A. H. Jones, Avinash V. Karpe, Ding Y. Oh, Iain R. White, Konstantinos A. Kouremenos, Enzo A. Palombo
As the uptake of breath based research studies increased, so did the availability of commercial sampling products. For example, the ‘Bio-VOC™ sampler’ produced by Markes International, was based on pioneering work carried out at the UK Health & Safety Laboratory (Kwak et al., 2014). In this sampler, only the final part of the breath (ca. 150 mL) is retained and is assumed to come entirely from the alveolar portion of the lungs. The sample can then be pushed onto a sorbent tube (which is then capped) or Tedlar bag® through a connection to the opened end of the cylinder. This is essentially a Haldane-Priestley method. An alternative approach to alveolar air collection is to gate breath sampling based on measured expired carbon dioxide or pressure of sampled breath. An example of such a device is shown in Figure 7.3, in this system VOC-scrubbed air is supplied by a continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) device and alveolar breath is selectively sampled on to sorbent tubes based breath profiles measured at the patient interface such that variable breathing patterns can be accommodated (Basanta et al., 2012).
Effects of occupational exposure to trace levels of halogenated anesthetics on the liver, kidney, and oxidative stress parameters in operating room personnel
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Abbas Jafari, Fatemeh Jafari, Iraj Mohebbi
Isoflurane and sevoflurane were measured in the breathing zone of the personnel in accordance with OSHA 103 method (OSHA, 1994). In brief, air samplings were performed by the adsorbent tube (Anasorb 747, SKC, PA, USA) and low-flow pumps (Pocket Pump 210–1002TX, SKC, PA, USA) at 50 ml/min. Air sampling was carried out during the whole shift of a working day. To evaluate the precise exposure of the personnel, the samples were collected by active sorbent tube attached to clothing within the breathing zone of the personnel exposed to halogenated anesthetic agents; then, the adsorbent tubes containing the analytes were transferred to the laboratory. Finally, isoflurane and sevoflurane were extracted by 1 ml carbon disulfide from the adsorbent tube and analyzed using gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and a capillary column (30 m × 0.32 mm ID × 0.25 μmdf). The temperature program was as follows: the initial oven temperature of 40 °C (held for 3 min) and, then, a 20 °C/min ramp to 100 °C (held for 10 min). The temperatures for the injector and detector were set at 200 °C and 280 °C, respectively. The flow rate of the carrier gas (nitrogen) was 0.5 ml/min. It should be noted that limit of detection (LOD) of isoflurane and sevoflurane were 0.01 and 0.008 ppm, respectively. More technical details have been described in our previous paper (Jafari et al. 2018).
Occupational exposure to graphene and silica nanoparticles. Part I: workplace measurements and samplings
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Fabio Boccuni, Riccardo Ferrante, Francesca Tombolini, Claudio Natale, Andrea Gordiani, Stefania Sabella, Sergio Iavicoli
Off-line analysis of sampled materials has been conducted for a comprehensive characterization of the exposure scenarios:Gravimetric analysis has been performed by weighting filters sampled by Sioutas before the sampling and after (average on three weighting operations) by an analytic scale (mod. xs105, resolution = 0.01 µg): mass differences represented to the total airborne particle matter, in the instrumental size ranges.Morphological and elemental analyses have been performed on materials collected by Sioutas and ELPI+ to find the presence of the produced NMs in the workplace air and their shapes in the samples, using a High-Resolution Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (HR-SEM) Ultra Plus (ZEISS) equipped with an Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS, Oxford Instruments INCA).Chemical analysis on cartridge for collection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and airborne solvents has been performed in the FLG case, through Gas-Chromatography Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS mod. Agilent Technologies 5975 C-inert MSD).VOCs cartridges are mod. Anasorb CSC (SKC Inc., 863 Valley View Road, Eighty Four PA 15330 USA) sorbent tube, coconut charcoal, 6 x 70 mm size, 2 sections, 50/100 mg sorbent, 20/40 mesh, with GS ends and FFW separators, fits Type A tube cover, pk/5.
Investigation of health risk assessment sevoflurane on indoor air quality in the operation room in Ahvaz city, Iran
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2019
Abdolkazem Neisi, Masoumeh Albooghobeish, Sahar Geravandi, Hamid Reza Adeli Behrooz, Mohammad Mahboubi, Yusef Omidi Khaniabad, Aliasghar Valipour, Azimeh Karimyan, Mohammad Javad Mohammadi, Majid Farhadi, Ahmad Reza Yari, Ali Ghomeishi
In this study, for sampling volatile anesthetic gases sevoflurane were selected three detection place included; the farthest corner of the operation room, the anesthesiologist’s breathing zone and the surgeon’s breathing zone. Sevoflurane samples were used to a portable personal sampling pump (SKC pump, Dorset, England) equipped with sorbent tube (Tenax TA 250 mg). Schematic of the sampling tube use in this study for gathered sevoflurane showed in Figure 1 (Tankó et al.2009). Sevoflurane concentrations sampled from Razi, Golestan and Emam teaching hospitals OR in Ahvaz region. Sorbent tube broken before the sampling and used with continuous flow pump (All and Business 1994). Rate of air volume sampling was 12 L at 0.05 L/min. Measurements are not valid if the pump air flow varied by greater than plus or minus one percent (+1%) during sampling and the Anasorb tubes do not exceed 12 L in air. according to standard of recommended for exposure to sevoflurane by US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) sevoflurane was measurement (Muir 1978, Control 1988, Ghimenti et al.2015). After sampling for the selected time, the sampling tube was sealed immediately with plastic end caps. The end of the sampling, collected delete the plastic end caps and carefully transfer each section of the adsorbent to separate 2-ml vials and anasorb tubes are desorbed with CS2 while organic vapor monitors are extracted with an organic solvent (Herzog-Niescery et al.2015). Then working analytical standards by injecting microliter amounts of concentrated stock standards into 2 ml vials containing 1.0 ml of desorption solvent delivered from the same dispenser used to desorb samples. Finally, concentration of sevoflurane analyzed by GC with a flameionization detector (FID) (Herzog-Niescery et al.2015, Kunze et al.2015).