China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Apiaceae Plants Growing in the East
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Sherweit El-Ahmady, Nehal Ibrahim, Nermeen Farag, Sara Gabr
The Ajwain fruits are edible and usually used as a spice in India, the Middle East and Asia, and some parts of America. The seeds possess remarkable digestive and antiseptic properties and are used in traditional medicine, primarily to control bowel disorders such as indigestion, flatulence, colic, and diarrhea. They are also used as a stimulant, stomachic, carminative, aromatic, antispasmodic, antihypertensive, antiseptic, antiparasitic, antiscorbutic, antihistamine, vermicide, emmenagogue, sialagogue, and anti-inflammatory (Anwar et al. 2016). Ajwain oil contains around 50% thymol, which is a strong germicide, antibacterial, antispasmodic, and fungicide. The diuretic properties of T. ammi seeds have been widely reported for use in some drug formulations for kidney stone treatments (Kaur et al. 2009) (Figure 13.4).
The salivary glands
Published in Neeraj Sethi, R. James A. England, Neil de Zoysa, Head, Neck and Thyroid Surgery, 2020
Frey's syndrome presents with flushing or sweating of the ipsilateral face skin during mastication, also known as ‘gustatory sweating’. Its true incidence is unknown but estimated to be up to 60% [22,23]. It is caused by aberrant cross-reinnervation between the postganglionic secretomotor parasympathetic fibres to the parotid and the postganglionic sympathetic fibres supplying the sweat glands of the skin. It can be tested with Minor's starch–iodine test, where the ipsilateral face is painted with iodine solution followed by covering the painted area with dust starch powder. When the patient chews a sialogogue there is an appearance of dark blue spots along the face confirming gustatory sweating.
Cholinergic Agonists
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Rupali Patil, Aman Upaganlawar
Currently, natural alkaloids like pilocarpine are used clinically as a sialagogue and miotic agent (Brunton, 2011). Pilocarpine can cross the conjunctival membrane. It is a stable compound and its actions last for about 1 day (Rang et al., 2011). Pilocarpine hydrochloride is used in the treatment of xerostomia due to head and neck radiation treatments or associated with Sjogren’s syndrome (Porter et al., 2004; Wiseman and Faulds, 1995). Sjogren’s syndrome is an autoimmune disorder occurring primarily in women with altered secretions of lacrimal and salivary glands (Anaya and Talal, 1999). If salivary parenchyma maintains residual function, enhanced salivary secretion, ease of swallowing, and subjective improvement in hydration of the oral cavity are achieved. The usual dose is 5–10 mg three times daily; the dose should be lowered in patients with hepatic impairment. Pilocarpine is used topically in ophthalmology for the treatment of glaucoma and as a miotic agent. It is instilled in the eye as a 0.5–6% solution or may be delivered via an ocular insert (Brunton, 2011).
Palliative Role of Aqueous Ginger Extract on N-Nitroso-N-Methylurea-Induced Gastric Cancer
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2020
Debjani P. Mansingh, Shalini Pradhan, Deeptarup Biswas, R. Barathidasan, Hannah R. Vasanthi
Ginger has been valued around the globe as an important commonly used cooking spice which contains a number of phytoconstituents. Indian ginger that is light-yellow in color having a characteristic odor which contains camphene, phellandrene, zingiberene, gingerol, gingerin, cineol, and borneol are the active principles in it other than resins and starch. Ginger owes its pungent flavor due to the presence of essential oil and resin. To specify, [8]-Gingerol, [10]-Gingerol, [12]-Gingerol, and Shogaol are known to have antioxidant (6), anti-inflammatory (7) and antitumor effects (8). Ginger has also has been suggested for the treatment of atherosclerosis, migraine headaches, rheumatoid arthritis, high cholesterol, ulcers, depression, common cold, flu-like symptoms, and even painful menstrual periods (8). Indian culinary uses ginger in a variety of dishes to add taste and as a sialagogue. It is also used in many GI tract disturbances as a stimulant, carminative, and digestive agent in Ayurveda and Siddha system of medicine practiced in India from time immemorial (9).
Exploring treatments for drooling in children with neurological disorders
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Antonella Riva, Camilla Federici, Gianluca Piccolo, Elisabetta Amadori, Alberto Verrotti, Pasquale Striano
Anticholinergics drugs are currently the most commonly used treatment, especially in the pediatric age. However, the intrinsic mechanism of action of these drugs implies several side effects based on the inactivation of the parasympathetic system, and mainly including irritability, constipation, and urinary retention. Different RCTs have shown that glycopyrrolate has greater efficacy and selectivity, with fewer side effects, as compared to other drugs. However, it remains a nonselective drug with a level of experimentation too low to define it as the best anti-sialogogue agent. The main lack is the use of different methods to evaluate drooling, which makes RCTs less uniform and comparable.
Fixed dexmedetomidine infusion versus fixed-dose midazolam bolus as primary sedative for maintaining intra-procedural sedation during endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration: a double blind randomized controlled trial
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
Renu Kumari, Kajal Jain, Ritesh Agarwal, Sahajal Dhooria, Inderpaul Singh Sehgal, Ashutosh Nath Aggarwal
Patients presented for the procedure after an overnight fast. EBUS-TBNA was performed as per the standard protocol followed at our center [12]. All patients received intramuscular atropine (0.6 mg) as anti-sialagogue, and promethazine (25 mg), 15 minutes before the procedure. Subsequently, they were nebulized with 2.5 mL of 4% lignocaine in the preparation room. Once shifted to the procedure table, 10% lignocaine solution was sprayed twice (10 mg/puff) over the oropharynx with an atomizer. The convex-probe echobronchoscope (Olympus BF-UC180, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) was then introduced through a protective oral bite-guard with the subject lying supine. 2 mL aliquots of 1% lignocaine solution were delivered through the echobronchoscope at vocal cords, at tracheal carina, and in right and left main bronchi using the ‘spray-as-you-go’ technique [27]. Additional lignocaine aliquots were instilled at the discretion of the bronchoscopist to suppress cough as required. After initial airway inspection, mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes were visualized sonographically, and their anatomical location categorized as per the standard classification scheme [28]. Lymph nodes were punctured using a disposable EBUS-TBNA needle (Vizishot, NA-201SX-4021/4022, Olympus Medical Systems, Japan) under sonographic and bronchoscopic guidance. Multiple lymph node stations were targeted in each subject based on the discretion of the bronchoscopist, and two or more passes were attempted for each station. Rapid onsite cytology examination (ROSE) was not available. If subjects required additional endobronchial or bronchoscopic lung biopsy, a bronchovideoscope (Olympus BF-IT180, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) was introduced transnasally after removing the echobronchoscope, and the required samples obtained. 100-mm straight lines, anchored at worst possible experience (zero) and best possible experience (100), were used as visual analog scale (VAS) to ascertain bronchoscopist’s assessment of severity of cough, amount of airway secretions, and overall EBUS-TBNA procedure satisfaction [29].