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Biotransformation of Sesquiterpenoids, Ionones, Damascones, Adamantanes, and Aromatic Compounds by Green Algae, Fungi, and Mammals
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Yoshinori Asakawa, Yoshiaki Noma
β-Selinene (138) is ubiquitous sesquiterpene hydrocarbon of seed oil from many species of Apiaceae family, for example, Cryptotaenia canadensis var. japonica, which is widely used as vegetable for Japanese soup. β-Selinene was biotransformed by plant pathogenic fungus G. cingulatato give an epimeric mixtures (1:1) of 1β,11,12-trihydroxy product (139) (Miyazawa et al., 1997b). The same substrate was treated in A. wentii to give 2α,11,12-trihydroxy derivative (140) (Takahashi et al., 2007).
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Per 100 g, the fruit is reported to contain 255 calories, 10.5% H2O, 11.0 g protein, 3.3 g fat, 64.8 g total carbohydrate, 13.1 g fiber, 4.3 g ash, 437 mg Ca, 173 mg P, 28.9 mg Fe, 44 mg Na, 1259 mg K, 114 μg ß-carotene equivalent, 0.11 mg thiamine, 0.24 mg riboflavin, and 1.14 mg niacin. Pepper contains 2 to 4% volatile oil; and 5 to 9% piperine, piperidine, piperettine, and other minor alkaloids (piperyline, piperolein A, piperolein B, piperanine, etc.).29 White pepper contains little volatile oil but has the same pungent principles and alkaloids as black pepper. Pepper oil contains a complex mixture of monoterpenes (70 to 80%), sesquiterpenes (20 to 30%). Major monoterpenes include alpha-thujene, alpha-pinene, camphene, sabinene, beta-pinene, myrcene, 3-carene, limonene, and beta-phellan-drene. Sesquiterpenes include, mostly, beta-caryophyllene, some beta-bisabolene, beta-far-nesene, ar-curcumene, humulene, beta-selinene, alpha-selinene, beta-elemene, alpha-cubebene, alpha-copaene, and sesquisabinene. Oxygenated components include linalool, 1-terpinen-4-ol, myristicin, nerolidol, safrol, beta-pinone, N-formalpiperidine, etc.29 Purse-glove et al. devote a 2V2-page table to the constituents of black pepper.64 One pungent principle of pepper is piperine, present at levels of 2 to 6%. Piperine may be useful as an analeptic in barbiturate poisoning. It has a central stimulant action in frogs, mice, rats, and dogs. Piperine, at 1 mg/m€, decreased the contraction of isolated guinea pig ileum. When injected i.v. into dogs at 1 mg/kg, it decreased blood pressure and respiration rate. When given orally to rats at 100 mg/100 g, it showed slight febrifugal activity. Piperine interacts with nitrite in vitro under slightly acidic conditions at 37° to form carcinogenic nitrosamines. Piperine is a stimulant. It is mutagenic with Leptospira; with large doses a bactericidal effect is produced. Isolated piperine has an inhibiting effect on Lactobacillus plantarum, Micrococcus specialis, and two fecal microorganisms (Escherichia coli and Streptococcusfaecalis.)41
Assessment of Antihyperlipidemic and Antitumor Effect of Isolated Active Phytoconstituents from Apium graveolens L. through Bioassay-Guided Procedures
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2019
It is also used as a flavoring agent in curries and chutneys. It was reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity (Al-Hindwai, Al-Deen, & Nabi, 1989). Celery was also found to have anticarcinogenic and antiproliferation activities (Sultana, Ahmad, & Jahangir, 2005). Many other activities, such as hepatoprotective (Singh & Handa, 1995), antioxidant (Popovic, Kaurinovic, & Trivic, 2006), and gastroprotective (Whitehouse, Butters, & Clark, 2001), have been reported. Celery oil is dominated by terpenes, mostly limonene (70% to 80%), the sesquiterpenes β-selinene (10%), humulene, coumarins, and flavonoids (Bungorn, Varima, & Pisamai, 2001).
Phytochemical constitutes and biological activities of essential oil extracted from irradiated caraway seeds (Carum carvi L.)
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Amina Aly, Rabab Maraei, Ahmed Rezk, Ayman Diab
Caraway oils are found in all sections of the plant, but the seeds have the highest content of oil when recovered using a hydro-distillation system. Seeds quality is influenced by environmental factors; such as hot and dry weather are linked to less feature seeds (Aćimović et al. 2015). Variations in the main compounds of the caraway plant, Carvone and Limonene are the two main contents of EOs, accounting for about 95% of EOs components. Caraway seeds contain 3% EOs, with D-carvone (50–65%), and (+)-Limonene (up to 45%) as the major compound. D-carvone as the main component of caraway is responsible for caraway odor reminiscent (Mahboubi 2019). The production and chemical compositions of caraway EOs are influenced by a variety of circumstances. Harvest time before maturation lead to lower essential oil content than that of full ripeness of caraway fruits. Additionally, through and after maturity, the Carvone content increases (Mahboubi 2019). The greater quality of caraway is due to a higher Limonene/Carvone proportion. The content of EOs and the Limonene/Carvone proportion decreased as the storage period increased (Sedláková et al. 2013). The EOs yields are increased by drying seeds and reducing the size of seeds crushed powder (Attokaran 2017). Also, the EOs output and its chemical ingredient differed according to the EOs recovering way crushing method and the time of harvesting. The geographical location of harvested Carum carvi seeds had better effects than the genotype on chemical components of EOs, whereas the genotype had much more results than the location on the morphological features of the seeds (Solberg et al. 2016). The major compounds of Egyptian chemotype were Carvone (61.6%), Limonene (29.1%), β-myrcene (3.9%), and α-selinene (10.9%) (Laribi et al. 2013). Caraway seeds possess antioxidant properties, and this antioxidant property is due to the antioxidant active ingredients, such as phenolic compounds which were much higher compared to the standard antioxidant compounds as well as their antibacterial effect (Rasooli and Allameh 2016).
Inhibitory potentials of phytocompounds from Ocimum gratissimum against anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins associated with cancer: an integrated computational study
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Gideon A. Gyebi, Oludare M. Ogunyemi, Ibrahim M. Ibrahim, Saheed O. Afolabi, Rotimi J. Ojo, Uju D.I. Ejike, Joseph O. Adebayo
The use of food spices and medicinal herbs as complementary medicine predates human history [8]. Notable among these dietary components is Ocimum gratissimum L, a herbaceous plant in the Labiatae family thought to originate from Asia and Africa [9]. This plant is highly cherished for its health promoting potentials and aromatic nature, and popularly known as scent leaf in Nigeria and some other African regions where it is grown in home gardens as an ingredient in foods such as pastas, salads, soups, vinegars and jellie [10]. Various health benefits of this plant have been documented for over two decades. The several pharmacological activities of the plant have been reported by Priyanka et al. [11]. The ethno-pharmacological uses of scent leaf in cancer therapy have been proven from various in vitro and in vivo studies. The proliferation inhibitory activity of aqueous extracts of O. gratissimum against several cell lines particularly prostate adenocarcinoma (PC-3) cells is well documented [12]. Various solvent fractions from this plant have been reported to impede the tumor growth and progression of breast cancer [13]. Aqueous Ocimum gratissimum extract has been reported to induce apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells [14]. Thus, this plant is a promising vegetal source for pro-apoptosis compounds and chemopreventive nutraceuticals in cancers [15]. Several bioactive compounds such as: Eugenol, Thymol, β-caryophyllene, γ-muurolene, γ-terpinene, α-bisabolene, β-selinene, 1.8-cineole, geraniol, and p-cymene have been identified from this plant [16]. In search for phytocompounds with inhibitory potential against the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins, 103 bioactive compounds (previously reported as active constituent of O. gratissimum) were compiled from reports where the chemical constituents were identified and/or isolated [16–24] and review articles on the chemical composition [25,26]) were screened in silico for interaction with five anti-apoptotic targets in cancer. This computer-based screening approach is exceptionally valuable for resource optimization and search space minimization. Such approach undertaken may help provide new evidence for anticancer activity of O. gratissimum.