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Potential of Mycochemicals in the Prevention and Control of Microbial Diseases
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Polysaccharides from basidiomycetes have been exploited as functional food substances, and examples include lentinan from Lentinus edodes, schizophyllan from Schizophyllum commune, pleuran from Pleurotus species, calocyban from Calocybe indica and ganoderan from Ganoderma lucidum(Villares et al. 2012; Zeb and Lee 2021). They were considered as the outstanding representatives of D-glucans with the common (1→3) or (1→6) β-linked glucose backbones and distinguished by different patterns and degrees of branches. These have several health benefits such as mitigating blood cholesterol and glucose levels. Fungal exopolysaccharides produced by species of Phellinus linteus, Ganoderma lucidum, Fusarium sp., Pleurotus spp., Inonotus obliquus and Aureobasidium pullulans are of great uses in food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical industries due to their preservatives, bioherbicides and microbicides activities (Mahapatra and Banerjee 2013).
Medicinal Mushrooms
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Temitope A. Oyedepo, Adetoun E. Morakinyo
While it has been established that β-glucans from mushrooms have anticancer activity, the alpha-glucans does not exhibit this effect (Volman et al., 2010b). Some mushroom preparations that have demonstrated significant effect against human cancers include active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) and Lentinan (from Lentinula edodes), Maitake D-fraction (from Grifola frondosa), Schizophyllan (SPG); from Schizophyllum commune), and polysaccharide-Krestin or polysaccharide of P (PSK/PSP) from Trametes versicolor (Guggenheim et al., 2014).
Nucleic Acids
Published in Danilo D. Lasic, LIPOSOMES in GENE DELIVERY, 2019
For molecules shorter than about 1 kb, we can imagine DNA as a flexible rod while longer molecules resemble stiff wormlike coils (random coil of semirigid polymer with excluded volume effects). Persistence length, i.e., the length in which DNA can bend for half a turn at energy of 1 kT (k is Boltzmann constant, T temperature) is, at low ionic strengths, about 50 to 70 nm and about 35 nm at higher ionic strengths. For specific anisotropic charge neutralization the turns may be even sharper. Persistence length (lp) of DNA that indicates the stiffness of the polymer in good solvent is characteristic of a semirigid polymer. Rigid polymers, such as schizophyllan and xanthan have persistence lengths around 200 and 120 nm, while very flexible hyaluronic acid is characterized by lp of 1 nm (Podgornik et al., 1995).
RGD peptide-based non-viral gene delivery vectors targeting integrin αvβ3 for cancer therapy
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2019
Shuang Fu, Xiaodong Xu, Yu Ma, Shubiao Zhang, Shufen Zhang
Since schizophyllan could form a complex with the polynucleotide, this novel complex was used as a non-viral antisense-oligonucleotide (AS ODN) carrier. Thus Sakurai et al. described a versatile and universal modification technique which enabled the introduction of various functional groups (spermine, octa-arginine (R8), RGD and some amino or a-amino acid compounds) only to the side chain of schizophyllan. Using the R8 or RGD modified schizophyllan as the antisense carrier, the antisense effect was most enhanced among others. This advantage was ascribed to enhancement of endocytosis due to the specific action of these functional peptides. Furthermore, the two carriers had low toxicity compared with the unmodified one [106].
Repolarization of glioblastoma macrophage cells using non-agonistic Dectin-1 ligand encapsulating TLR-9 agonist: plausible role in regenerative medicine against brain tumor
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Rohit Kumar Tiwari, Sarika Singh, Chhedi Lal Gupta, Pratibha Pandey, Vipendra Kumar Singh, Uzma Sayyed, Rafia Shekh, Preeti Bajpai
Schizophyllan (SPG), a soluble β-1,3 glucan extracted from Schizophyllum commune is a known Dectin-1 ligand and has been extensively explored for its ability to effectively deliver short DNA sequences within immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells. Recent studies have also shown efficacy of SPG nanoparticles to act as a non-agonistic Dectin-1 ligand for delivering payloads to endosomal TLR9 in search of designing probable vaccine adjuvant [14]. Our study was thus centered towards exploration of SPG nanoparticles encapsulating TLR9 agonist in remodeling M2 phenotype to much desired M1 or inflammatory phenotype mediated via microglial cells.