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Clearance Pathways and Tumor Targeting of Imaging Nanoparticles *
Published in Valerio Voliani, Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Besides renal clearance, some small-molecule probes with enhanced hydrophobicity are eliminated from the body through hepatic route (liver metabolism, bile excretion and feces elimination are involved) because of serum protein binding. After iv administration of 99mTc-pertechnetate, a SPECT contrast agent, 25–30% ID is excreted in urine in 24 h;following 48–72 h, hepatic excretion is predominant and results in 35% ID in feces. Nearly 40% ID of 99mTc-pertechnetate was still retained in the body 72 h p.i. and the whole-body clearance half-life is 53 h.25 Since the average retention time of hepatically excreted contrast agents is much longer than that of renal-clearable ones, resulting in increasing health risk, probes with efficient urinary excretion are still preferred in the clinics.
Gas Chromatographic Analysis
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
This is a measure of the retention time. As mentioned elsewhere in this chapter, it is necessary that the retention time be such that the analyte is not at the solvent front, yet that the analysis is accomplished in a reasonable length of time.
Polymeric Colloidal Carriers for Natural Polyphenolic Compounds
Published in Madhu Gupta, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Vikas Sharma, Nagendra Singh Chauhan, Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Phytoconstituents, 2020
Maria Rosaria Lauro, Teresa Musumeci, Francesca Sansone, Giovanni Puglisi, Rosario Pignatello
Anthocyanins (ACNs), hydrophilic plant pigments, are active on dysmetabolic diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular pathologies, and ipercholesterolemia (Lauro et al., 2015, 2017). ACNs are absorbed in the stomach and initial part of the small intestine (Felgines et al., 2007, Passamonti et al., 2003). Their insufficient residence time in these tracts and their metabolism limit the absorption and degradation at the high intestine pHs (Czank et al., 2013, Ferrars et al., 2014, Fleschhut et al., 2006, Liu et al., 2014, McDougall et al., 2005). In order to protect these compounds and increase their retention time, different formulations were reported in the literature.
Development and optimization of a tamsulosin nanostructured lipid carrier loaded with saw palmetto oil and pumpkin seed oil for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Rana B. Bakhaidar, Khaled M. Hosny, Imman M. Mahier, Waleed Y. Rizq, Awaji Y. Safhi, Deena M. Bukhary, Muhammad H. Sultan, Haitham A. Bukhary, Osama A. Madkhali, Fahad Y. Sabei
The EE was determined after centrifuging 1 ml of the TM-S/P-NLC in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) with 15,000 rpm at 4 °C for 1 hour (Almousallam et al., 2015; Martinelli et al., 2020). The supernatant was separated from the centrifuged sample. The amount of free drug in the supernatant was determined by a reported HPLC method in which TM was chromatographed using a reverse-phase C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile:water in the ratio of 50:50 v/v. The mobile phase was pumped at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. The eluents were monitored at 214 nm. The retention time of the drug was 1.7 min (Kumari et al., 2010; Shah et al., 2022). The EE and LE were calculated using the following equations from the values of the free drug and the total amount of drug added (Tan et al., 2022).
Cannabis use is associated with lower retention in methadone maintenance treatment, but not among schizophrenic- and other chronically psychotic patients
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2022
Ilan Volkov, Shaul Schreiber, Miriam Adelson, Stacy Shoshan, Einat Peles
The primary goal of MMT is discontinuation of illicit opioid use which is the direct effect of the full mu receptor opioid agonist – methadone,17 and the most effective proven treatment for opioid use disorder.18 One way achievement of this goal is reflected is by monitoring retention time in treatment.19 It is well established that those who achieve opioid abstinence after one year have a longer retention in treatment in the long run. Patients who use other drugs are often unable to adhere to treatment and have higher mortality. Benzodiazepine (BDZ) use (either on admission or after one year in treatment) was found to predict shorter retention in treatment as well as shorter survival.20–23 Unlike opioids and BDZ, our previous studies20–22 showed that cannabis use did not have a robust influence on MMT retention, either because it was less prevalent among MMT patients, or possibly because it causes less harm, and therefore its effect on patients with or without schizophrenia/chronic psychosis have not been studied.
Prevalence of Hemoglobinopathies (β-Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Trait) in the Adult Population of Al Majma’ah, Saudi Arabia
Published in Hemoglobin, 2020
Shabir A. Mir, Bader M. Alshehri, Mohammed Alaidarous, Saeed S. Banawas, Abdul Aziz A. Bin Dukhyil, Mohammad K. Alturki
In the present retrospective study, 3755 cases were analyzed for Hb variants at the premarital screening laboratory of KKGH, Al Majma’ah, Saudi Arabia. Clinical data of Saudi adults who voluntarily attended premarital screening from 1 October 2016 to 30 September 2019 were obtained and analyzed. Subjects with a recent history of transfusion, i.e. within 3 months before sample collection, were excluded from the study. Fresh whole blood (3 mL) collected in EDTA-containing tubes was the clinical specimen. All study samples were processed and stored at ambient temperature and analyzed within 48 h after collection. Cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for screening, detection and identification of various hemoglobinopathies in the study subjects [11]. Each specimen was subjected to complete blood count (CBC) and analyzed on the VARIANT II™ cation-exchange HPLC system using the β-Thalassemia Short Program (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA). Hemoglobin concentration (%) was calculated by determining the ratio of the area of a peak to the total area of all Hb peaks, as observed on a standard cation-exchange HPLC chromatogram. The retention time was measured in minutes. Hematological tests for CBC were performed using an automated hematology analyzer.