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Hallucinogenic Agents
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
The mushroom Psilocybe mexicana (food of the gods) has been used for centuries by Mexican and Central American Indians in religious ceremonies.† The mushroom can also be found on cattle manure and in forest areas throughout the world. In 1958, A. Hoffman identified the active ingredient of the mushroom as psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-dimethyltryptamine). The compounds are thermostable and cannot be inactivated by high temperature or freezing. As with LSD, the mechanism of toxicity is related to the stimulation of sympathetic and serotonergic activity, although with lower potency.
Stimulants, antidepressants, antimanics, anticonvulsants, and psychotomimetic agents
Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
Psychotomimetic agents can be classified as follows: LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide): semi-synthetic, from ergot.DMT (dimethyltryptamine): Synthetic and from a South American plant (Piptadenia peregrina).DET (diethyltryptamine): synthetic.‘STP,’ DOM (2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine): synthetic.MDA (methylene dioxyamphetamine): synthetic.MDMA, Ecstasy (3,4-methylene dioxymethamphetamine): synthetic.GHB, GBL, 1,4-BD (gamma hydroxy butyrate, gamma butyrolactone, 1,4-butanediol): synthetic.Psilocybin and psilocin: derivatives of 4-hydroxytryptamin: synthetic; also from a mushroom (Psilocybe mexicana).Bufotenine (dimethyl serotonin): synthetic; also from Piptadenia peregrine, Amanita muscaria, and the skin of a toad (Bufo marinus).Ibogaine: from the plant Tabernanthe iboga.Harmine and harmaline: from plants (Peganum harmala and Banisteria caapi).Ditran: synthetic.Marihuana: From the plant Cannabis sativa.Mescal (peyote): from the plant Lophophora williamsii. Contains mescaline; also available in synthetic form.(See also Amphetamine, p. 415)
Psychedelic-Assisted Group Therapy: A Systematic Review
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2019
Alexander Trope, Brian T. Anderson, Andrew R. Hooker, Giancarlo Glick, Christopher Stauffer, Joshua D. Woolley
The use of psychedelics in group settings for religious purposes dates back centuries (Guerra-Doce 2015). It was through one of these traditional practices—the Mazatec communal ritual of the velada—that American researchers first learned of the psychoactive properties of the Psilocybe mexicana mushroom (Sabina and Wasson 1974). This discovery led to the isolation of, and early research with, psilocybin (Heim and Hoffmann 1958; Wasson and Riedlinger 1990). Famous “first wave” psychedelic research, namely Pahnke’s “Good Friday Experiment” (Pahnke 1963) and Leary’s “Concord Prison Experiment” (Leary et al. 1965), involved the administration of psilocybin in group settings. Despite this precedent, a group therapy approach has yet to be used in any published twenty-first-century clinical trial. To fill this knowledge gap, and complement other reviews of psychedelic research (Carhart-Harris and Goodwin 2017; Mangini 1998; Passie 1997, 2006; Rucker, Iliff, and Nutt 2017; Rucker et al. 2016), we conducted a systematic review of academic publications from 1900 to 2018 that employed a group element in the preparation, administration, or integration phases of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.