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Substance Abuse during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Psilocybin is a naturally occurring hallucinogenic alkaloid present in several species of psychedelic mushrooms belonging to the genus Psilocybe. P. mexicana is the classic source of the drug and is known as the magic mushroom. It is most commonly found in Mexico, particularly in the Valley of Oaxaca, and southern Texas. However, other species occur north of Mexico in the southern United States and elsewhere, particularly in dairy pastures in the spring. Psilocybin typically grows in highly organic media, such as cow feces (cow patties) and usually in the springtime. Psilocybin mushrooms are eaten, used as a food additive, a tea, or a drink additive for hallucinogenic effects. The hallucinogenic effects usually last six to eight hours, although some sources quote times as short as an hour. Ingestion of these hallucinogenic mushrooms has become a popular form of substance abuse among some adolescents and young adults (Schwartz and Smith, 1988). The effects of psilocybin ingestion include hallucinogenic visions, altered states of consciousness, and a pronounced pyrogenic effect. Several surveys have indicated that mushroom use is more prevalent among high school and college students than is the LSD use.
Fungi and Water
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Species of genus Psilocybe are known due to their psychedelic effects caused by psilocybin (96–97). Some mushrooms containing psylocibin are: P. semilanceata, P. Mexicana, P. bohemica, P. cubensis, and P. baeocistis (96–97). They are commonly known as ‘magic mushrooms’. Magic mushrooms are hallucinogens, but cannot cause addiction. The symptoms of intoxication occur 30 minutes after ingestion of fresh or dried mushroom and start with anxiety, nausea, vertigo, and asthenia. Neurosensorial symptoms consist of visual problems (mydriasis), disorientation, motor incoordination, tachycardia, and hypertension (96–97). Recovery is complete 4 to 12 hours after ingestion. The need of hospitalization is rare and in exceptional cases myocardial infarction may occur in adult patients, while children may present hyperthermia, seizures, and coma (96–97).
Mystical States achieved through Psychedelics: The Origins, Classical, and Contemporary Use of Psychedelics
Published in Andrew C. Papanicolaou, A Scientific Assessment of the Validity of Mystical Experiences, 2021
Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), is contained in mushrooms of the genus Psilocybe that are found on all continents. It has also been used in the context of rituals by American Indian tribes in Mexico for centuries and it is used today in the context of formal experiments and studies of its psychotherapeutic efficacy in several university laboratories in Europe and North America.
A Nationwide Study Comparing Mental Health Professionals’ Willingness to Try Hallucinogenic Drugs in Basic Research or Clinical Practice
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2022
Yotam D. Ginati, Nir Madjar, Joseph Ben-Sheetrit, Shaul Lev-Ran, Abraham Weizman, Gal Shoval
For the purpose of the current study, we focused on five common hallucinogens (Calderon, Hunt, and Klein 2018), which represent all four major classes (i.e., psychedelics, entacogens/emphatogens, dissociative, and atypical hallucinogens) (Garcia-Romeu, Kersgaard, and Addy 2016): Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a synthetic psychedelic substance. In psychiatry, LSD was studied as a possible treatment mostly for depression, anxiety, substance abuse or addictions (Das et al. 2016; dos Santos et al. 2016). Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic substance that can be found in mushrooms from the genus Psilocybe. In psychiatry, psilocybin-assisted therapy is studied as a possible treatment for depression (Mahapatra and Gupta 2017), anxiety (Thomas, Malcolm, and Lastra 2017), addiction to substances and specifically addiction to tobacco (Johnson et al. 2014), as well as depression and anxiety in particular cases of life-threatening disease (Griffiths et al. 2016; Ross et al. 2016). 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a synthetic entactogen drug. MDMA-assisted therapy has also been examined as a possible treatment for depression and anxiety (Yazar‐Klosinski and Mithoefer 2017), as well as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Mithoefer et al. 2011). Ketamine is a synthetic substance, primarily known as dissociative anesthetic. In psychiatry, ketamine had been recently approved by the FDA as a treatment for severe or drug-resistant major depression (Mathew et al. 2012; Singh et al. 2017) . Ketamine is also recognized as an agent that can decrease rapidly suicidal ideation (Price and Mathew 2015; Reinstatler and Youssef 2015). Cannabis is a natural atypical hallucinogen occurring in plants, in the genus Cannabis. As one of the most studied substances, it has been advocated (either as cannabis or part of its components) as potential treatments for several mental health disorders, including PTSD (Bohnert et al. 2014; Walsh et al. 2017), anxiety (Tambaro and Bortolato 2012) and particularly social anxiety disorder (Buckner and Zvolensky 2014), depression (Danielsson et al. 2016), and autism spectrum disorder (Schleider et al. 2019).