China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Botanicals and the Gut Microbiome
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Hyper-nutrition is the increase in a body mass index due to an overload of nutrition and is associated with a cancer mortality rate that is much higher (Calle et al., 2003). The mechanism of action of the tumorigenesis through hyper-nutrition takes place through inflammation, accumulation of fat and resistance to insulin with hyperglycemia (Font-Burgada et al., 2016). Polysaccharides have the ability to promote the loss of weight and associate body-mass index and improvement of the dysbiosis that has occurred (Nguyen et al., 2016; Goffredo et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2019). The metabolites formed by polysaccharides, such as acetate and propionate, can be absorbed into the blood and contribute to weight management (Macfarlane and Macfarlane, 2011). Acetate seems to suppress an individual’s appetite and can increase the release of leptin from adipose tissues in mice (Xiong et al., 2004). Propionate lowers the synthesis of cholesterol, all indications of the positive outcome of a polysaccharide-enriched diet, and in this case, the potential lowering of a nutrition overload by lowering intake of food (Liu et al., 2019).
Methylmalonic acidemia
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop
Propionic acid is synthesized by intestinal bacteria, and this may be an important source of propionate and methylmalonate in these patients [110]. Treatment with neomycin or metronidazole may reduce levels of propionic and MMAs in body fluids [108–110]. Doses of metronidazole have ranged from 10 to 20 mg/kg per day and have been divided into three doses. Neomycin has been used in a dose of 50 mg/kg. Other antibiotics, such as bacitracin, paromycin, clindamycin, or vancomycin, may be useful in acute situations. Lincomycin was not effective [110]. In our experience, intermittent antibacterial therapy has been useful, suggesting that clonal populations of propionate-forming bacteria may be intermittently present in some patients. An effect of antibiotic treatment on metabolite accumulation may be especially useful during a crisis of metabolic decompensation. A sudden increase in MMA excretion unaccompanied by dietary change or stimulus for catabolism may suggest a bacterial source and an argument for neomycin or metronidazole.
Impact of Probiotics on Human Gut Microbiota and the Relationship with Obesity
Published in Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Raquel Bedani, Lactic Acid Bacteria, 2020
Fernanda Bianchi, Katia Sivieri
Butyrate has been found to improve insulin sensitivity (Hartstra et al. 2015), to increase leptin gene expression by regulating food intake and body weight (Harris et al. 2012), and to possess obesity-related anti-inflammatory action by regulation of tight junction gene expression, increasing, consequently, intestinal barrier function (Brahe et al. 2013, Hartstra et al. 2015). Propionic acid also has a favourable effect on leptin gene expression reducing the intake of food and regulating weight gain (Xiong et al. 2004, Lin et al. 2012). Additionally, propionate is able to reduce cholesterol synthesis (Harris et al. 2012). Although acetate serves as a substrate for synthesis of cholesterol and has an influence on the synthesis of lipids in liver (Sanz et al. 2010), it has been demonstrated that acetic acid also has the ability to inhibit weight gain (Lin et al. 2012, Christiansen et al. 2018).
Long-term topical management of psoriasis: the road ahead
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Siegfried Segaert, Piergiacomo Calzavara-Pinton, Pablo de la Cueva, Ahmad Jalili, Dominique Lons Danic, Andrew E. Pink, Diamant Thaçi, Melinda Gooderham
Once-daily treatment regimens are often preferred for induction therapy (49), with less frequent (once- or twice-weekly) application during maintenance treatment. Current German guidelines state that, if used for long-term management, calcipotriol should be given once or twice daily for up to 1 year; however, the guidelines acknowledge that the majority of evidence for the use of calcipotriol is short term (11). UK guidelines state that if once-daily topical preparations would improve adherence in those patients for whom twice-daily potent corticosteroids or coal tar preparations are indicated, a combined product containing calcipotriol and betamethasone dipropionate should be offered and applied once daily for up to 4 weeks (8). Topical long-term management with the application of two-compound products once or twice a week after initial therapy was recommended more recently in Germany (14).
The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between gut microbiota and diet in cardio-metabolic health
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Ana Nogal, Ana M. Valdes, Cristina Menni
SCFAs can regulate lipolysis and adipogenesis. Acetate and propionate may inhibit endogenous lipolysis, whereas propionate can regulate extracellular lipolysis mediated by an increase of lipoprotein lipase expression, both cases resulting in a decrease of the circulating lipid plasma levels and body weight.132,139 As well, SCFAs might play an important role in adipogenic differentiation. Indeed, preadipocytes treated with propionate, and acetate promoted adipocyte differentiation, via an overexpression of FFAR2 and PPARγ.140,141 Finally, acetate, propionate, and butyrate seem to enhance hepatic uptake of cholesterol from the blood, decreasing plasma cholesterol in model animal studies.142,143 Besides, propionate is a potent inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis.144
Gut Bacteroides species in health and disease
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Metabolites secreted by different Bacteroides spp. assist in maintaining stability of the immune system. These species are primary producers of short-chain fatty acids in the human gut, mostly in the form of acetate and propionate. These are important for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.171 Both acetate and propionate are potent anti-inflammatory mediators as they inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from neutrophils and macrophages.172 Cruz-Bravo et al. described an anti-cancerous role of propionate which induced apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells.173 Also, butyrate increases expression of tight-junction proteins in the gut to reduce potential gut hyperpermeability. This, in turn, decreases inflammation and endotoxemia that are associated with leaky gut.174 In the human gut, Bacteroides spp. are the principal synthesizers of Vitamin K, which is mainly produced by members of the human gut bacteriome.175 It may prevent or treat osteoporosis by increasing the bone mineral density.176