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Erythema Nodosum (EN)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Potassium iodide (KI) is a standard treatment (e.g., 400–900 mcg/day for one month) when symptoms begin.2,3 Oral KI was administered to 15 patients with erythema nodosum. Eleven of those patients demonstrated improvement.4 Relief of subjective symptoms, including tenderness, joint pain, and fever, occurred within 24 hours. Substantial improvement in the eruption occurred within a few days and the lesions disappeared completely 10 to 14 days after therapy was initiated.
Endocrine Disorders, Contraception, and Hormone Therapy during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
A major exception is thyroid storm. One scenario in which potassium iodide is indicated during pregnancy is the case of “thyroid storm.” Treatment of “thyroid storm” is acute administration of 1 g of potassium iodide orally with 1 g of propylthiouracil.
Hyperthyroidism
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
PTU, SSKI, dexamethasone, and propranolol should be given as shown in Table 7.1 [32]. The saturated solution of potassium iodide and sodium iodide block the release of thyroid hormone from the gland. Dexamethasone decreases thyroid hormone release and peripheral conversion of T4 to T3. Propranolol inhibits the adrenergic effects of excessive thyroid hormone. Supportive measures include IV fluids with glucose, acetaminophen (as antipyretic), and oxygen, as needed. Fetal monitoring and maternal cardiac monitoring are recommended [24]. Delivery in the presence of a thyroid storm should be avoided if possible, with maternal treatment leading to in utero fetal resuscitation. The underlying cause, for example, infection, should be treated.
Proteases, protease inhibitors and radiation carcinogenesis
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
There is evidence that another potential anticarcinogenic agent, potassium iodide, leads to reduced cancer levels in people exposed to radiation when administered at long time periods after the radiation exposure (Cardis et al. 2005). At time periods of several months to years after the Chernobyl accident, dietary supplements containing potassium iodide (in the form of dietary supplements [as antistrumin, multivitamins containing iodine and iodized salt]) were given to children who were evacuated from the exposed areas. This treatment reduced the risk of thyroid cancer, thought to be due to exposure to I131, in these children by a factor of approximately 3 (Cardis et al. 2005). It is expected that potassium iodide can prevent the development of thyroid cancer by inhibiting the uptake of radioactive iodine by the thyroid, but since the half-life of I131 is only 8 days, it would not be present in the atmosphere at several months to years after the Chernobyl accident. Thus, it has been concluded that potassium iodide acted as a cancer preventive agent in these children by a mechanism unrelated to an effect on the uptake on radioactive iodine by the thyroid (Kennedy and Wan 2011).
Infantile orbital abscess: clinical presentation, microbiological profile, and management outcomes
Published in Orbit, 2022
Andrea Tongbram, Shahid Alam, Sumita Agarkar, Bipasha Mukherjee
The aspirate after abscess drainage in patients #8 and #9 was subjected to both microbiology and histopathology examination. In patient #8, the culture results initially reported Bacillus cereus as the causative organism, but histopathological examination suggested fungus as the organism. Repeat culture showed Entomophthorales fungi as the causative organism and Bacillus was reported as a contaminant. Bacillus cereus has been reported to be a frequent contaminant, and a single positive culture should not be considered diagnostic.23 Fungal infections of the orbit usually arise from the paranasal sinuses. Yet, our patient did not have any sinus involvement. Entomophthorales, primarily a pathogen of sinuses and the respiratory tract, spreads locally in the subcutaneous plane. Patients typically present with facial swelling.23 Orbital infection is described as an “atypical form” of this disease and is associated with poor prognosis. Diagnosis can be challenging as KOH stains are usually negative and cultures may show positivity only in 50% of cases.24–26 Diagnosis is based on a combination of microbiological as well as histopathological evidence of fungal infection. Histopathology in these cases shows granulomatous inflammation with the typical “Splendore Hoeppli phenomenon.”27 All these features were seen in our patient. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the second case of Rhinoentomophthoramycosis reported in an infant. In the previous case report, the lesion resolved completely with oral potassium iodide.28
Radiobiological and social considerations following a radiological terrorist attack; mechanisms, detection and mitigation: review of new research developments
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Tanya Kugathasan, Carmel Mothersill
Another type of agent given after the event of radiological exposure is mitigators. These are agents which can protect against some of the harmful effects by preventing or limiting the likelihood of adverse biological outcomes. An ideal mitigator would be orally ingested or a skin patch (Moulder 2014). However, radiation skin injuries make it quite problematic for the utilization of skin patches. It is important that the drugs used should have efficacy in multiple organ systems so that multiple drugs are not needed for different organ injuries (Moulder 2014). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) were developed as hypertensive agents, however have found efficacy against a range of cardiac and renal diseases. Radioactive Iodine mostly raises concern due to the damage to the thyroid gland resulting in cancer or hyperthyroidism. This is commonly treated with the uptake of Sodium Iodide (NaI) or Potassium Iodide (KI). Iodine uptakes allow for a saturable process in the thyroid, hence preventing radioactive iodine from entering the thyroid (Anderson and Bokor 2013). The amount of dosage of KI depends on the age of the individual and the amount of natural iodine in the soil and hence the diet of exposed individuals. Infants between the ages of 1–3 have a dose intake of 32 mg, whereas adults have a dose intake of 130 mg (Anderson and Bokor 2013). It is still important to note however that KI does not protect against other internal radioisotopes or external radiation.