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Fanconi Syndrome
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Sodium Bicarbonate: FS causes metabolic acidosis due to loss of bicarbonate. Acidosis may be lessened by giving tablets or solutions of sodium bicarbonate (e.g., 3–10 mg/kg/d in divided doses), potassium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, or potassium citrate (e.g., Shohl’s solution with sodium citrate and citric acid).2 To help prevent diarrhea and stomach upset, take each dose after a meal, mixing the prescribed dose of medication in a full glass (4–8 ounces or 120–240 milliliters) of cold water or juice just before taking. Drink the entire mixture slowly. Ask your doctor or pharmacist for further instructions.3
Micronutrient Supplementation and Ergogenesis — Metabolic Intermediates
Published in Luke Bucci, Nutrients as Ergogenic Aids for Sports and Exercise, 2020
In conclusion, alkaline loading will not affect VO2max, heart rate, or strength, but has been shown to consistently improve maximal performance during repeated short-term anaerobic exercise tasks for trained subjects. Interestingly, no studies employing weight lifters (a repeated anaerobic task) have been reported. Findings of decreased fatigue in weight lifters would further confirm the concept of alkalosis as an ergogenic aid. Studies employing potassium bicarbonate or mixtures of sodium and potassium bicarbonate have not been described.
Sodium and Potassium
Published in Giuseppe Mancia, Guido Grassi, Konstantinos P. Tsioufis, Anna F. Dominiczak, Enrico Agabiti Rosei, Manual of Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension, 2019
Lanfranco D’Elia, Pasquale Strazzullo
Unfortunately, only few data are available about the effect of potassium supplementation on cardiovascular organ damage in humans. A randomized controlled trial on 42 mild hypertensive patients found that both potassium chloride and potassium bicarbonate supplementation improved AS (assessed as carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity) and endothelial function (expressed as brachial artery flow—mediated dilatation), decreased left ventricular mass and ameliorated left ventricular diastolic function when compared with placebo (37). No difference between the two potassium salts was detected. On the other hand, only potassium chloride supplementation also reduced 24-h urinary albumin excretion.
Sodium bicarbonate treatment for QRS widening in bupropion overdoses
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
Michael Simpson, Linda Johnson, Charlotte Goldfine
Study authors were trained in chart abstraction and reviewed all charts using a standardized data abstraction form (Appendix 1). Electrocardiograms uploaded to the electronic medical records were reviewed, and intervals were recorded both as measured by the ECG computer and hand measured by study authors. Data were recorded from the ECG proximal to the administration of sodium bicarbonate through up to three ECGs (if available) after the last sodium bicarbonate administration. Data surrounding demographics, exposure (co-ingestions, dosage, and formulation of bupropion), and clinical characteristics (seizures, ventricular dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest, and death) were obtained from provider documentation if known. Administration of vasopressors, hypertonic saline, lidocaine, or lipid emulsion was identified in the medication administration record and documentation. Blood pressure and heart rate were obtained from the Flowsheet section of the electronic medical records; mean arterial pressure was calculated by investigators. Serum sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, and pH values were obtained from basic metabolic panels and venous or arterial blood gases during the encounter. To evaluate for interrater reliability, study authors one and two independently reviewed the first ten patients that met all inclusion criteria, and percent agreement was calculated [18]. Disagreements were resolved by consensus with senior author three.
Oral potassium overdose: a case series
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Arushi Madan, Christopher Morris, Anna Goggin, Katherine Z. Isoardi
The two formulations of oral potassium available in Australia are an immediate-release effervescent tablet and a sustained-release tablet, both of which are prescription-only Schedule 4 drugs [1]. The effervescent tablet consists of a combination of potassium chloride, potassium bicarbonate and potassium carbonate providing 548 mg potassium and 283 mg of chloride (14 mmol potassium, 8 mmol chloride) [2]. The sustained-release tablet formulation consists of 600 mg potassium chloride crystals (8 mmol potassium, 8 mmol chloride) coated with insoluble wax and pressed into a wax matrix, from which the potassium chloride slowly diffuses [3]. In therapeutic use, peak potassium concentration is reached around two and five hours after ingestion of immediate and sustained-release preparations respectively and both formulations have >90% bioavailability [4]. With larger sustained-release ingestions, the insoluble wax matrix may contribute to forming pharmacobezoars, which can cause delayed or erratic absorption and/or local toxicity with gastrointestinal perforation or obstruction from increased contact of the irritant potassium [5]. While hyperkalaemia increases gastrointestinal motility, potential co-ingestion with agents delaying motility, such as anticholinergic drugs, may further increase risk of local toxicity. Crushing or chewing tablets may increase early systemic absorption by impairing the slow-release mechanism [5]. These factors together can result in significant variability in peak concentration, time-to-peak concentration, potential physiological adaptation, and associated onset and duration of clinical effects.
Low-intensity light-induced drug release from a dual delivery system comprising of a drug loaded liposome and a photosensitive conjugate
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2020
Igor Meerovich, Michael G. Nichols, Alekha K. Dash
In order to determine the drug load in the liposomes, an aliquot of 100 µl was lysed by adding 19-fold volume of absolute ethanol (final ethanol/buffer ratio 19:1 v/v) and the doxorubicin concentration was determined using HPLC. The HPLC determination was done on a Shimadzu instrument with SCL-10A controller and SPD-M10A diode array detector, using Aquasil C18 reverse phase column (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA; 250 × 4.6 mm, particle size 5 µm; part #77505-254630). Elution was made based on a method proposed by Niu et al. [36] with a gradient between 5 mM solution of potassium bicarbonate in 0.5% (v/v) acetic acid and acetonitrile (15–69% acetonitrile linear over 12 min, with a flow rate of 1 ml/min). The retention time of DoxHCl was 10.6 min, the peak did not overlap with any other components.