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The Selection and Use of Gloves against Pesticides
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Data on penetration characteristics for these insecticides through gloves were identified for carbaryl, methomyl, sulfallate, methiocarb, and pirimicarb.3,19,26–29 When carbaryl was tested for permeation breakthrough time using two alternative test procedures, PVC (polyvinyl chloride), nitrile butyl rubber, natural rubber, and Neoprene® (registered trademark of DuPont) all demonstrated breakthrough times exceeding 8 h.19 Likewise, gloves made of butyl rubber, nitrile, or Viton® (registered trademark of DuPont) demonstrated breakthrough times against sulfallate exceeding 8 h, whereas Neoprene gloves offered complete resistance for 4 h only.27 In two separate studies on chemical resistance and structural integrity, Raheel and Dai concluded that nitrile, butyl, and Viton exhibited a higher level of chemical and penetration resistance than did latex/natural rubber or PVC gloves.28,29 Gloves made of polyethylene were penetrated by methomyl within 15 min.26 A comparison of the penetration of pirimicarb and methiocarb through latex or nitrile gloves demonstrated that during an 18-h observation period, latex gloves reduced penetration of both carbamates by 50%, whereas the nitrile glove offered more than 90% protection against pirimicarb penetration.3
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
The following common commercial pesticide products are listed approximately in order of decreasing toxicity: Highly toxic (acute oral LD50 in the rat <50 mg/kg): aldicarb (this carbamate is a systemic, for example, it is taken up by the plant and translocated into foliage and sometimes into the fruit) (Temik), oxamyl (Vydate), carbofuran (Furadan), methomyl (Lannate, Nudrin), formetanate HCI (Carzol, Dicazol), aminocarb (Matacil), dimetilan (Ship Fly Bands)Moderately toxic (acute oral LD50 in the rat above 50 mg/kg): promecarb (Carbamult), methiocarb (Mesurol, Draza), propoxur (Baygon), pirimicarb (Pirimor Aphox, Rapid), bufencarb (Bux), carbaryl (Sevin)
Lethality and effects on biological and population growth parameters of ladybird predator Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) treated by some plant essential oils
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Saeed Shaltoki, Hooshang Rafiee Dastjerdi, Ali Golizadeh, Mahdi Hassanpour, Asgar Ebadollahi, Vahid Mahdavi
The utilization of synthetic insecticides, including organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids, as broad-spectrum toxicants have resulted in significant mortality to noun-target natural enemies (Haseeb et al. 2005). For example, the adult longevity, survival rate, and demographic parameters of H. variegata, such as the intrinsic rate of increase (rm), finite rate of increase (λ), and net reproductive rate (R0), were decreased when exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of imidacloprid (at 3.92 and 8.69 mg a.i./L) (Skouras et al. 2019). It was found that although pirimicarb did not disrupt individual life parameters of H. variegata, population parameters such as rm, R0, and λ were significantly affected by sublethal concentrations (Rahmani and Bandani 2016). Zeinadini et al. (2019) concluded that the efficiency of H. variegata was influenced by spirotetramat and imidacloprid based on the adverse effects on the demographic parameters of this predator. Therefore, there is an urgent need for developing safe and potential alternatives to replace chemical pesticides. On the other hand, controlling tools must be carefully implemented to avoid detrimental effects on biological control agents (Saber and Abedi 2013). Further, the integration of biological control with other strategies is key to the success of any integrated pest management (IPM) program (Wright and Verkerk 1995).
Monitoring of pesticides residues in soil samples from the southern districts of Jordan in 2016/2017
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Mohammed H. Kailani, Tawfiq M. Al-Antary, Mahmoud A. Alawi
A number of pesticides detected in Karak (25), Tafila (22), Ma’an (24), and Aqaba (21) were approximately similar, although they did differ than those in Ghor Al-Safi (14) district. This might be due to the type of soil. It is sandy in Ghor Al-Safi and with clay texture in case of the previously mentioned districts. In addition, the average temperature in Ghor Al-Safi is significantly more than the other districts; it reaches 48 °C. These factors might facilitate the quick degradation of pesticides and then their disappearance in Ghor Al-Safi than the other districts. Several authors (Al-Antary 1996, Kah et al.2007) reported that there were some marked differences between the soils in their ability to degrade the different pesticides. The parameters selected to explain variations in degradation rates depended on the soil–pesticide combination. The soil organic carbon content generally had a positive influence on degradation. The relationship between pH and degradation rates depended on the dominant mode of degradation for each pesticide. There were positive relationships between sorption and rate of degradation for metsulfuron-methyl, pirimicarb, and all acidic pesticides. More pesticides were more dissipated at biobed moisture levels of 60% water holding capacity (WHC) than at 30% and 90% WHC, while 20 °C gave higher dissipation rates than 2° and 10 °C (Al-Antary 1996, Castillo and Torstensson 2007).
Insecticidal activity and structure–activity relationship of sugar embedded macrocycles for the control of aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Rohit Rana, Shudh Kirti Dolma, Sushil K. Maurya, S. G. Eswara Reddy
The main drawback of currently used insecticides which developed resistance to pests due to indiscriminate and sub lethal dose of application for the control of target pests. The insecticides viz., neonicotinoids (imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) reported resistance to R. padi (Wang et al.2018), Aphis gossypii Glover (Wei et al.2017, Selcuk et al.2018); dimethoate to A. gossypii (Lokeshwari et al.2016) and Aphis pomi (De Geer) (Tamas et al.2015). Similarly, pirimicarb, carbosulfan, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam and fenitrothion also showed resistance to A. craccivora (Fouad et al.2016, Kandila et al.2017). The researchers and scientists need to find out alternate management strategies to control insect’s pests. In this context, an effort had been made to synthesize the macrocycles and to study their toxicity/bio-efficacy against A. craccivora under laboratory conditions for identification of lead (s).