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Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
Phenylethylamine is metabolized to phenylacetic acid which is partly excreted in conjugated form. This compound may contribute to the action of phenylethylamine in the central nervous system. This observation is supported by the finding that the conjugation of benzoic acid to hippuric acid is deficient in some patients with catatonic schizophrenia (Figure 31).91
Supplements
Published in David Lightsey, The Myths about Nutrition Science, 2019
The product labeling claims that Craze contains several organic compounds, known as phenylethylamines. However, phenylethylamines are a very broad category of chemicals which range from harmless compounds found in chocolate to synthetically produced illegal drugs.
Herbs with Antidepressant Effects
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Along with flavonoids and methylxanthines shared with other herbs, chocolate has some unique neurochemical properties. It contains significant amounts of phenylethylamine.2 This substance, which is the decarboxylation product of the amino acid phenylalanine, has long been suspected of having antidepressant effects.3 Chocolate also contains small amounts of the endocannabinoid anandamide. Other substances in chocolate similar in structure to anandamide may act on the enzymes systems in the brain to increase the levels of endogenous cannabinoids in the brain.4
A primer on sleeping, dreaming, and psychoactive agents
Published in Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 2023
Unlike indolylalkylamines, which only produce hallucinogenic effects, the phenylethylamines also have secondary stimulant effects, not only altering serotonin but also norepinephrine and dopamine, through to a lesser degree than drugs such as amphetamines. DOM (2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine) also known as the ”STP” (serenity, tranquility, and peace) can include sleeplessness, dry mouth, nausea, blurred vision, sweating, flushed skin, and shaking, along with exhaustion, confusion, excitement, delirium, and convulsions, which also impact sleep. MDMA can cause the acute depletion of presynaptic serotonin, which plays a direct role in regulating aggression, mood, sexual activity, sensitivity to pain, and sleep. MDMA users typically experience restless, disturbed sleep for up to 48 hours following drug use. Total sleep time has been found to be reduced, with increased time spent in transition, stage one sleep and less time in stage two. While there was no reported change in REM sleep, there was an increased risk of sleep apnea with continued use of MDMA (McCann et al., 2009; Schierenbeck et al., 2008).
A more specific concept of a pharmacophore to better rationalize drug design, tailor patient therapy, and tackle bacterial resistance to antibiotics
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
Jessica Rubí Morán Díaz, Juan Alberto Guevara-Salazar, Roberto Issac Cuevas Hernández, José Guadalupe Trujillo Ferrara
The same phenomenon occurs not only with antibiotics, but also with other groups of drugs, such as catecholamines. Phenylethylamine, the molecular base of these drugs, is crucial for recognition and activity. Modifications in the side chain attached to the amine group of the molecular base can alter selectivity between ⍺ and β adrenergic receptors. The β receptor orientation is related to a larger volume of the substituent on the amine group and the α receptor orientation to a smaller volume of the same substituent. Some studies on drugs and substances with antagonist activity on α1A receptors have identified portions of molecules as pharmacophores involved in the recognition of the receptor and the production of a biological effect. Hence, it is essential to consider all available information on binding orientation and the structure-activity relationship to rationalize drug design [16,17].
A comparison of blood toxicology in fatalities involving alcohol and other drugs in patients with an opioid use disorder treated with methadone, buprenorphine, and implant naltrexone
Published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2020
Erin Kelty, Gary Hulse, David Joyce
Antidepressants were present in 55 cases (37.2%). Antidepressant concentrations in most cases were consistent with conventional therapeutic use. Antipsychotic drugs were present in 34 cases, most commonly quetiapine (17 cases). The concentrations of antidepressant drugs and antipsychotic drugs did not differ significantly in inter-group comparisons. Phenylethylamine (amphetamine family) stimulants or cocaine metabolites were present in 36 cases (24.3%). Amphetamines and methamphetamines were both detected in 29 of these (19.7%). The treatments groups did not differ in the proportions involving any of these drug groups and nor were there significant differences in individual drug concentrations between the three treatment groups. Tetrahydrocannabinol and carboxytetrahydrocannabinol were detected in 35 cases with carboxytetrahydrocannabinol alone detected in a further four (26.4% in total). There were no significant differences in the incidences or concentrations between the treatment groups. The tetrahydrocannabinol concentration did not exceed 10 μg/L in any case.