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Functional Foods: Bioavailability, Structure, and Nutritional Properties
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Health Benefits of Secondary Phytocompounds from Plant and Marine Sources, 2021
Tawheed Amin, H. R. Naik, Syed Zameer Hussain, Bazila Naseer
The most commonly used excipients in pharmaceutical preparations are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, surfactants, synthetic polymers, salts, and co-solvents [81]. As an analogous term, excipient food is the food possessing no bioavailability in-itself but may increase the efficacy of any nutraceutical or functional components [81]. Excipient foods have structures and compositions specially fabricated to improve the bioaccessibility of BFCs present in other foods co-ingested with them [119]. Therefore, excipient foods may be taken along with dietary supplements (such as nuts, seeds, fruits, vegetables, fish, meat, grains) and some processed foods. It is obvious that the development of different kinds of matrices is needed for BFCs.
Pharmaceutical Industry
Published in Roger Cooter, John Pickstone, Medicine in the Twentieth Century, 2020
The success of the pharmaceutical industry ultimately depends on therapeutic success. But the pursuit has been both uncertain and controversial. The thalidomide tragedy in the 1960s showed up one fatal flaw in the governance of the pharmaceutical industry. The regulatory measures then in existence were simply too ineffective to guarantee protection to consumers. Though the industry had acknowledged that all pharmaceutical preparations had some side-effects, these were typically considered unavoidable nuisances. The problem of the toxicity of chemicals was far too narrowly investigated. Since the thalidomide case, the regulatory measures have been substantially tightened, especially in the United States and Europe, though as the OPREN case of the late 1970s and early 1980s shows, they are not as foolproof as they are often portrayed. Recent relaxation of some regulatory measures, especially in the United States, aimed at quicker approval of new drugs, may reintroduce unacceptable levels of risk.
The Macrophage Inflammatory Protein Family
Published in Richard Horuk, Chemoattractant Ligands and Their Receptors, 2020
A major limitation of the potential clinical utility of MIP-1α is its tendency to form large, heterogeneous, multimeric complexes.6,25,26,55 A principal consequence of this behavior is that clinical administration of the protein as a heterogeneous preparation could lead to varying efficacy, impaired tissue penetration and enhanced immunogenicity. An additional shortcoming is that during production and formulation, aggregation will result in heterogeneous pharmaceutical preparations. For clinical administration, therefore, a homogeneous preparation of defined molecular mass is preferable if not a regulatory requirement. This raises the immediate questions as to what is the optimal, active quaternary structure and what is the best way to achieve homogeneity.
Variable sensitivity to diethylene glycol poisoning is related to differences in the uptake transporter for the toxic metabolite diglycolic acid
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
Julie D. Tobin, Courtney N. Jamison, Corie N. Robinson, Kenneth E. McMartin
Diethylene glycol (DEG) is a colorless organic solvent that is found in industrial lubricants and chafing fuel. It has also been mistakenly used in pharmaceutical formulations as a cheaper alternative to glycerin or has been an adulterant in the procured glycerin [1]. Ingestion of these adulterated pharmaceutical preparations has resulted in several epidemic poisonings, with multiple fatalities. The hallmark sign of DEG poisoning is renal failure or acute kidney injury (AKI), while other clinical manifestations include metabolic acidosis, mild to moderate hepatotoxicity, and a delayed peripheral neuropathy [2–4]. The kidney injury observed in many patients is characterized by remarkable necrosis of the proximal tubular epithelium [5]. Diethylene glycol undergoes metabolism first by alcohol dehydrogenase, eventually yielding two primary metabolites, diglycolic acid (DGA) and 2-hydroxyethoxyacetic acid (2-HEAA). A study by Besenhofer et al. [6] showed that DEG toxicity is blocked when metabolism by alcohol dehydrogenase is inhibited in rats, suggesting that it is a metabolite of DEG that is responsible for the toxicity and not the parent compound. Moreover, several studies have shown that direct DGA administration both in vitro and in vivo mimic the toxicity found in DEG studies, suggesting that DGA is the metabolite responsible for the toxicity [7–9]. Furthermore, DGA accumulation of up to 100-fold is found in kidney tissue after DEG administration, compared to concentrations in the blood [10].
Intestinal phages interact with bacteria and are involved in human diseases
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Not all phages are suitable for therapeutic use. Lytic phages are commonly used for clinical treatment. It is required to have specific fracture characteristics and stable fracture effects (independent of temperature and environment) and to ensure safety and efficiency (no toxin protein gene in the genome). Bacteriophage preparations may contain endotoxic proteins of host bacteria, and the bacterial endotoxins released after lysing the host may affect the normal function of the body. Phages that do not lyse bacteria quickly are less effective against them. Phages usually act only on a certain genus or species of bacteria, and some even act only on a limited number of strains of a species. Phage preparations mainly include phage nucleic acids, capsid proteins and so on in the clinic. These preparations are more complex than common clinical pharmaceutical preparations with a single chemical structure. It is difficult to evaluate the activity and purity of drugs, and it is impossible to accurately define the method of administration, dosage form, dose, concentration and administration time of phage preparations. The pharmacokinetics of phage preparations are not clear, and the safety of phage after entering the body cannot be evaluated. Phages are proliferating, evolving, and gene-editing organisms that interact with the body’s immune system.150–154 It is not clear whether the use of phages can also adversely affect the human immune system.
New stability chiral RP-HPLC method for degradation products determination in midodrine hydrochloride
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Gowramma Byran, Jenifer Ashwini, Kaviarasan Lakshmanan, Kalirajan Rajagopal, Gomathy Subramanian, S. N. Meyyanathan
For the enantiomeric drugs midodrine hydrochloride and mefloquine, there were no HPLC methods reported for their stability in different stress conditions and estimation of their enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulations by HPLC method were developed. The chromatographic conditions namely mobile phase, wavelength/mass range, flow rate, etc., were optimized by trial and error method and followed by forced degradation studies on the selected drugs. In accordance with the ICH guidelines, the developed HPLC method was validated and the results were found to be within the acceptable limits. The developed HPLC method for the chiral separation of enantiomeric drugs were found to be rapid, simple, precise, accurate, and specific. The selected enantiomeric drugs were stable in all the studied stress conditions such as acidic, basic, neutral, oxidative, and photolytic/UV. The proposed method is suitable for the estimation of the selected drugs in their formulations, clinical, pharmacokinetic, and toxicity studies. For the first time, a highly precise stability suggesting chiral HPLC method was developed to quantify the enantiomers of midodrine in the presence of degradation products. The enantioseparation was carried out by the use of cellulose based chiral column. The method provides good sensitivity and excellent precision and reproducibility. The method was highly selective, where degradation products and coformulated compounds did not interfere. The proposed method was successfully applied in pharmaceutical preparations.