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Chemosensory Disorders and Nutrition
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Carl M. Wahlstrom, Alan R. Hirsch, Bradley W. Whitman
Clinically, pentoxifylline has had efficacy in the treatment of vascular insufficiency in the lower extremities. However, as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, it may also aid in the treatment of olfactory loss. This is because cAMP is a second messenger in the olfactory epithelium, and phosphodiesterace breaks down cAMP. Thus, with less phosphodiesterase, an increase in cAMP will be present and a greater chance of olfactory neuronal depolarization in response to olfactory stimuli, leading to improved olfactory ability. Of 19 patients treated with pentoxifylline, after one hour, a greater olfactory ability was found, as manifest with reduced odor threshold, while odor identification and odor discrimination were unchanged (Gudziol and Hummel 2009; Gudziol, Maier, and Zahnert 2007).
Effects of Antithrombotic and Results of Drug Screening
Published in Josef Hladovec, Antithrombotic Drugs in Thrombosis Models, 2020
Pentoxifylline was essentially developed as a hemorrheologically active drug suitable for the treatment of some peripheral vascular diseases. On the other hand, there exist many indications that it may also be a potential antithrombotic. Primarily, it should increase red blood cell deformability and consequently decrease the whole blood viscosity thus improving blood flow particularly in the microcirculation.
Novel treatment modalities
Published in Seema Chopra, Endometriosis, 2020
Another agent that has been studied lately in the treatment of endometriosis is pentoxifylline. Currently used in the treatment of intermittent claudication, it helps in improving the vascular supply in stenotic arteries by inhibiting the phosphodiesterase enzyme. It also has TNF-a-blocking properties, suppressing the release of inflammatory mediators. Human studies are limited and a recent meta-analysis showed that there was no significant improvement in pelvic pain or clinical pregnancy rates in women treated with pentoxifylline [68].
Trends and recent developments in pharmacotherapy of acute pancreatitis
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2023
Juliana Hey-Hadavi, Prasad Velisetty, Swapnali Mhatre
Pentoxifylline, a competitive nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor is known to reduce inflammation through TNF-α inhibition. However, data on clinical benefit in AP in humans is rather limited. Vege et al. [83] performed a randomized, placebo-controlled study in 28 patients with predicted SAP (pSAP) within 72 hours of diagnosis. The median length of hospitalization and prolonged hospital stay (>4 days) was significantly less frequent in the pentoxifylline group than in the control group. Intensive care unit transfer was none in the pentoxifylline group and 4 in the control group. Patients receiving pentoxifylline had no adverse effects and were considered safe within 72 hours of pSAP [83]. Interestingly, another single center, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial conducted in patients with AP (n = 84) revealed that pentoxifylline did not demonstrate superiority over placebo [84].
Biologic and advanced immunomodulating therapeutic options for sarcoidosis: a clinical update
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Ogugua Ndili Obi, Elyse E. Lower, Robert P. Baughman
Two studies have evaluated the safety and efficacy of pentoxifylline in sarcoidosis [331,332]. Zabel and colleagues evaluated the role of pentoxifylline monotherapy (12.5 mg/kg orally twice a day for 6 months) in 23 patients with progressive pulmonary sarcoidosis and found that of 18 patients who completed the study, 11 (61%) patients had a significant improvement and 7 (39%) experienced disease stabilization [331]. All the patients had a mean improvement in DLCO while patients who improved also had improvements in dyspnea scores and CXR findings [331]. In a subsequent double-blind RCT of pentoxifylline (1200–2000 mg/day) vs. placebo in 27 patients with corticosteroid-dependent pulmonary sarcoidosis, pentoxifylline was steroid sparing and reduced exacerbations, but did not result in significant improvement in pulmonary function and/or dyspnea scores [332]. In both studies, use of pentoxifylline was limited by severe gastrointestinal side effects [331,332].
New therapeutic targets in chronic kidney disease progression and renal fibrosis
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2020
Sandra Rayego-Mateos, Jose M. Valdivielso
There are other drugs that in the past have been described to regulate the inflammatory process in renal patients, such as pentoxifylline (Xanthine derivative drug). Previous studies have determined the beneficial effect of this drug alone or in combination with other treatments (RAAS blockers) in CKD [76] and DN [77]. The use of pentoxifylline in these clinical studies showed an improvement of the eGFR, a reduction of albuminuria, and the maintenance of Soluble Klotho Concentrations [78]. These results have led to an ongoing clinical trial of pentoxifylline in DN progression (NCT03625648). Despite the few data on patients, it is necessary to stand out signaling pathways implicated in renal inflammation like the NF-κB pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, and the Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway. The blockade of these signaling pathways has shown beneficial effects in experimental renal damage associated with inflammation and fibrosis [79]. In experimental studies in DN, the modulation of these signaling pathways and cytokines, such as TNF, CCL2, and IL-1β, has shown also promising renoprotective results [80], but studies in patients with drugs that target these pathways are lacking.