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Developmental Aspects of the Alveolar Epithelium and the Pulmonary Surfactant System
Published in Jacques R. Bourbon, Pulmonary Surfactant: Biochemical, Functional, Regulatory, and Clinical Concepts, 2019
Jacques R. Bourbon, Caroline Fraslon
The parasympathomimetic drug pilocarpine has also been reported to reduce lung cell proliferation471 and to enhance biochemical lung maturation472 in the rabbit fetus. Morphologic correlates of increased maturation included thinning of type I cells, increased size and number of lamellar bodies in type II cells, and reduced glycogen content. Similar to the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system on surfactant secretion (see Chapter 7), these effects could, however, be indirect and mediated through stimulation of the β-adrenergic system.
Peripheral Autonomic Neuropathies
Published in David Robertson, Italo Biaggioni, Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System, 2019
The treatment of diabetic cystopathy includes use of an indwelling catheter for 10 days together with appropriate antibiotics. Thereafter, the patient should void every 3 h, aided by manual compression of the suprapubic area (Crede manoeuvre) and receive parasympathomimetic drugs. About 40% of patients respond to this therapy, at least temporarily, until urinary tract infection recurs. Transurethral surgery and bladder neck resection in those without obvious mechanical obstruction may also be useful. Initially, the parasympathomimetic drug can be given parenterally, for example, bethanechol twice weekly and may be continued orally in a dose of 40-50 mg every 6 or 8 h. Cholinergic treatment is withdrawn when residual volumes are less than 100 ml for at least a week (Ellenberg, 1980a).
Undernutrition – thirty years of the Regional Basic Diet: the legacy of Naíde Teodósio in different fields of knowledge
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Larissa B. Jannuzzi, Amaury Pereira-Acacio, Bruna S. N. Ferreira, Debora Silva-Pereira, João P. M. Veloso-Santos, Danilo S. Alves-Bezerra, Jarlene A. Lopes, Glória Costa-Sarmento, Lucienne S. Lara, Leucio D. Vieira, Ricardo Abadie-Guedes, Rubem C.A. Guedes, Adalberto Vieyra, Humberto Muzi-Filho
Behavioral and related studies also used RBD. Medeiros et al. [11] studied the effect of maternal feeding with RBD during lactation on the aggressiveness of adult rats treated with citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Acute or chronic treatment with this antidepressant reduced aggressive response in normonourished rats, but not in undernourished ones. Thus, the authors concluded that undernutrition during the critical period of brain development induced durable alterations in the function of serotoninergic neurotransmission. Guedes et al. [12] recorded a more pronounced antagonistic effect of citalopram on cortical spreading depression in early undernourished rats (intrauterine and during lactation) compared to normonourished rats. In 2004, de Vasconcelos et al. [13] also investigated the combined effects of undernutrition (pregnancy and lactation) and sleep deprivation, demonstrating that the inhibitory effect of a single sub-convulsing dose of pilocarpine on the onset and propagation of spreading depression in undernourished rats was more pronounced than in normonourished rats. Since pilocarpine is a parasympathomimetic drug that binds to muscarinic receptors, their results indicated an important cholinergic influence on spreading depression via these receptors, which is differentially modulated by sleep deprivation and multifactorial undernutrition.
Pharmacological treatments available for the management of underactive bladder in neurological conditions
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2018
Seyedeh-Sanam Ladi-Seyedian, Behnam Nabavizadeh, Lida Sharifi-Rad, Abdol-Mohammad Kajbafzadeh
One of the approaches toward medical therapy in UAB is stimulation of muscarinic receptors on the detrusor cells which can be done by muscarinic receptor agonists such as bethanechol or carbachol. Randomized clinical trials have reported usage of parasympathomimetic agents for prevention and treatment of UAB [67]. Bethanechol is a parasympathetic agonist which helps to increase bladder muscle tone and contractility. It works within an hour after administration. Hence, it takes a few days to find whether this medication is efficient for a patient or not [68]. In a study by Kemp et al., the efficacy of betanechol chloride (50 mg × 3 oral from 3 days after surgery) as the prophylaxis of detrusor hypotonia after Wertheim-Meigs operation was evaluated. This study revealed a prophylactic application of the parasympathomimetic drug diminished the postoperative complications for the bladder, shorten hospital stay, and decrease the rate of cystitis [69]. In the treatment setting of UAB, parasympathomimetic agents were used in a variety of conditions such as prostatectomy [70], after general surgery [71], anorectal surgery [72], patients with urodynamically confirmed DUA [73,74], and in women with no neurological disease but excessive residual urine [75].
Neostigmine and ketorolac as adjuvants to local anesthetic through peribulbar block in patients undergoing vitrectomy surgeries: A randomized controlled trial
Published in Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia, 2022
Mayada K. Mohamad, Norhan A. Sherif, Rehab S. Khattab, Noha A. Osama, Iman S. Aboul Fetouh
Neostigmine is a parasympathomimetic drug that binds to the active side of the acetylcholine esterase enzyme, preventing it from hydrolyzing the acetylcholine molecule, increasing its level at peripheral muscarinic receptors present in peripheral nerve endings, activating cholinergic-mediated antinocieption, and thus prolonging postoperative analgesia. Neostigmine has been co-administered with local anesthetics and other adjuvants in obstetric surgeries [10].