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Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
p-Cymene is a colorless to pale yellow clear liquid; its odor type is terpenic and its odor at 1% in dipropylene glycol is described as ‘fresh citrus terpene woody spice’ (www.thegoodscentscompany.com). p-Cymene is used to improve the odor of soaps, detergents and sanitation goods and as a masking odor for industrial products. It also acts as the starting material for the production of p-cresol, carvacrol and acetyl hexamethyl tetralin. Other uses include or have included as a solvent for dyes, varnishes and lacquers, as heat-transfer fluid, in metal polishes and in the manufacture of synthetic resins (U.S. National Library of Medicine).
Urine metabolomics and proteomics in prenatal health
Published in Moshe Hod, Vincenzo Berghella, Mary E. D'Alton, Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Eduard Gratacós, Vassilios Fanos, New Technologies and Perinatal Medicine, 2019
Daniela Duarte, Maria do Céu Almeida, Pedro Domingues, Ana M. Gil
To our knowledge, the only urine study of PE at the time of onset coupled urine and serum, and identified elevated urinary levels of isobutyrate and dimethylamine, along with decreased levels of glycine, p-cresol sulfate, hippurate, histidine, asparagine, trigonelline, and glucose (Table 20.2). Together with serum results, these were suggestive of oxidative stress and kidney dysfunction. However, the PE group comprised both early onset PE (EO-PE) and late-onset PE (LO-PE), and the authors recognized that, due to their different etiologies, future research is needed (35).
Common Cosmetic Ingredients: Chemistry, Actions, Safety and Products
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Cresols (p-chloro-m-cresol [PCMC or chlorocresol], sodium p-chloro-m-cresol, chlorothymol, mixed cresols, m-cresol, o-cresol, p-cresol, isopropyl cresol, carvacrol, thymol and o-Cymen-5-ol) can be absorbed across the skin when applied in high concentrations, as well as promote the absorption of other compounds. At high concentrations, the cresols can cause significant dermal irritation. At lower concentrations that are generally used in skin care products and cosmetics, significant dermal irritation has been recorded for a number of the cresols. However, the agents PCMC, thymol and o-Cymen-5-ol generally did not cause dermal irritation at low concentrations (Andersen, 2006).
Microbiota-derived metabolites as drivers of gut–brain communication
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Hany Ahmed, Quentin Leyrolle, Ville Koistinen, Olli Kärkkäinen, Sophie Layé, Nathalie Delzenne, Kati Hanhineva
A wealth of preclinical discoveries has clarified the extensive range of pathways through which microbiota-derived metabolites could drive the communication between gut and brain as illustrated in Figure 4. The human microbiome harbors a variety of microbial species capable of producing neurotransmitters, signaling molecules, or metabolizing their precursors into distinct compounds.145,189,201 As certain bacterium may contribute significantly to the levels of gut-derived metabolites observed in the host,138 it is compelling to speculate how much the presence, or absence, of such bacterium could modulate the gut–brain crosstalk and contribute to overall health status. For example, abundance of secondary bile acid-producing bacteria could result into increased circulation of deoxycholic acid and other secondary bile acids compromising the BBB integrity and resulting into increased translocation of microbial metabolites into the brain.81 Keeping in mind that the overall impact of these metabolites on health could depend on the genetic background or the presence of an illness, decreased liver or kidney function could exacerbate the accumulation of toxic metabolites like p-cresol and indoxyl sulfate that have been associated with neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental diseases.16,17,48–50,90
Urinary organic acids spectra in children with altered gut microbiota composition and autistic spectrum disorder
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2022
Zanda Daneberga, Miki Nakazawa-Miklasevica, Egija Berga-Svitina, Daiga Murmane, Dana Isarova, Liene Cupane, Madara Masinska, Inga Nartisa, Andzela Lazdane, Edvins Miklasevics
The bacterial metabolites p-cresol and HPHPA were identified by mass spectrum but were not quantified. The ratio of a compound and internal standard peak area was calculated to express the relative amount of excreted p-cresol. In all 44 analysed samples, p-cresol was detected and the relative amount was calculated. For the stratification of samples into the groups "p-cresol high" and "p-cresol present", the average value of relative amount was calculated and all samples higher as average were considered “p-cresol high". The qualitative identification of HPHPA was based on mass spectrum, no quantitative values were measured. HPHPA was identified in 23 out of 44 samples. These samples were combined into the groups “p-cresol + HPHPA”, the rest of the samples formed group “p-cresol”.
Modelling the role of microbial p-cresol in colorectal genotoxicity
Published in Gut Microbes, 2019
Eiman Abdulla Al Hinai, Piyarach Kullamethee, Ian R. Rowland, Jonathan Swann, Gemma E. Walton, Daniel M. Commane
The colon is the most common site for intestinal tumours1 with microbial activity being implicated in increased susceptibility to neoplastic transformation.2 Environmental factors, particularly diet, modulate the composition and metabolic activity of the colonic microbiota with implications for cancer risk.3,4 Current mechanistic models implicating diet in CRC risk propose that dietary fibre favourably improves the balance of the microbiota, increasing the abundance of saccharolytic species relative to proteolytic microbes. The latter are associated with increased production of an assortment of genotoxic metabolites from meat based or endogenous substrates.4–6 Epidemiological studies implicate red and processed meat in particular in increasing risk of CRC. Genotoxicity associated with haem, N-nitroso compounds, and heterocyclic amines has been proposed as a mechanism underpinning this association.7 Amongst proteolytic metabolites present in the colon, p-cresol is a relatively poorly studied potential contributor to the genotoxic load.8 p-cresol is a methyl phenol produced via microbial degradation of tyrosine.9,10In situ, it is absorbed and metabolised in the liver, producing p-cresol sulphate, which is excreted in the urine. Elevated urinary p-cresol sulphate has been observed in patients with colorectal cancer10, it may be associated with ageing11 and more recently it has been suggested as a biomarker of protein intake.12