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Sunburn
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Sunscreen or Sunblock: Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) 5% or its esters in ethyl alcohol or in a cream or gel are quite effective in helping to prevent sunburn from ultraviolet B rays. Sunscreens with SPF rating at 15 or higher are recommended. Fair-skinned people need an SPF rating of 30 or more. For protection against ultraviolet A rays, it is recommended to use a sunscreen that contains at least one of the following: ecamsule, avobenzone, oxybenzone, titanium dioxide, sulisobenzone, or zinc oxide.2
Emollient Esters and Oils
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
John Carson, Kevin F. Gallagher
Maleic acid is used to make a dioctyl ester, which has an extremely low viscosity with a high spreading coefficient. This ester finds use in spreading bath oils and in reducing the greasy feel of other esters. In addition, this ester is a good solvent for oxybenzone and therefore finds use in sunscreen formulations.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Practical and Theoretical Considerations
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Evidence suggests that sunscreens, especially oxybenzone, are absorbed through the skin. While this absorption is generally limited (Lio, n.d.), this would require that any skin-protective or decontaminating solution, be it a lotion or a cream, be tested on infant and children’s skin for this property. Evidence for hormone disruption by skin absorption has been demonstrated with sunscreens, as well as evidence that the nanoparticles in many sunscreens can cause cellular damage (Lio, n.d.). Again, one would have to be concerned that any skin-protective or decontamination lotion or cream might possess the same qualities and would require laboratory testing prior to use in this population.
Skin impacts from exposure to ultraviolet, visible, infrared, and artificial lights – a review
Published in Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 2021
Juliana Yuka Furukawa, Renata Miliani Martinez, Ana Lucía Morocho-Jácome, Thalía Selene Castillo-Gómez, Vecxi Judith Pereda-Contreras, Catarina Rosado, Maria Valéria Robles Velasco, André Rolim Baby
There is also a growing concern about the impact of organic filters in the environment, especially for marine life, and countries like Hawaii have already banned the use of sunscreens containing oxybenzone by bathers (23). The presence of organic filters in food, water and breast milk has been reported as a risk associated with cognitive deficit, hyperactivity, and motor changes (24). With such scenario, investment in formulation development based in inorganic filters can be beneficial (23). Moreover, an interest in the potential of photoprotection achieved by oral and subcutaneous routes is well discussed in the literature. Clinical studies are being carried out with Polypodium leucotomos, a natural botanical extract that can suppress induced erythema after daily oral administration. Nicotinamide can help repair DNA damage caused by exposure to UV, if administered orally daily. In addition to this, Afamelanotide, a subcutaneous implant, is being studied for promoting the synthesis of eumelanin with a photoprotective and antioxidant function (25).
In vitro skin irritation assessment using EpiDerm™: applicability for updating toxicity information of oxybenzone and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2020
Ji-Seok Han, Yong-Bum Kim, Heejin Park, Wan-Jung Im, Woo-Jin Kim, Younhee Kim, Joo-Yun Won, Hwa-Young Son, Byoung-Seok Lee
Oxybenzone (benzophenone-3 or 4-methoxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone) is the major active ingredient in sunscreen lotions and used extensively in medicine and cosmetic-related products to prevent photoallergic reactions (Okereke et al.1995). There are numerous reference data on the skin toxicology of this chemical, but its skin irritation potential is still controversial. Some studies have reported that oxybenzone is nonirritant to rabbit skin (Shelanski and Gittes 1965, CIR Data Package 1983). However, these studies are extremely old, short, have limited data, and do not conform to current guidelines. In fact, oxybenzone is currently classified as an 8th-grade high hazard chemical by the Environmental Working Group (EWG) and its use in some types of cosmetic products has been restricted by numerous countries, which limit the allowable concentrations. Regulatory authorities in Australia, Canada, and Japan allow oxybenzone in sunscreens or cosmetics at levels of up to 10%, 6%, 5%, respectively (MHW 2014, Health Canada 2014, AGDH 2014).
Metabolism and disposition of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, a sunscreen ingredient, in Harlan Sprague Dawley rats and B6C3F1/N mice; a species and route comparison
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Esra Mutlu, C. Edwin Garner, Christopher J. Wegerski, Jacob D. McDonald, Barry S. McIntyre, Melanie Doyle-Eisele, Suramya Waidyanatha
2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (HMB), also known as benzophenone-3 or oxybenzone, is used as an ultraviolet (UV) filter in personal care and sunscreen products Sunscreen products in the USA are regulated as over-the-counter drugs and as an active sunscreen ingredient, the US FDA allows HMB concentrations up to 6% (U.S. FDA, 2018). HMB is also used in plastics as a stabilizer; Approximately 1 million pounds of HMB are manufactured or imported per year into the USA (NTP, 2006). It was reported that approximately 97% of the US general population (>6 years of age) is exposed to HMB (CDC, 2012; Cottart et al., 2010). HMB has been detected in human urine at concentrations up to 18 ng/mL as unmetabolized HMB and up to 10.0 ng/mL for its metabolite, benzhydrol. (Calafat et al., 2008; Ito et al., 2009). HMB was detected in breast milk samples up to 121.40 ng/g (Schlumpf et al., 2010), and in placental tissue up to 9.8 ng/g (Vela-Soria et al., 2011). Various concentrations of HMB have also been detected in the environment (Ekpeghere et al., 2016; Kim & Choi, 2014) and biota (Balmer et al., 2005; Díaz-Cruz and Barceló, 2009; Fent et al., 2008).