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Orders Norzivirales and Timlovirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
The CuAAC reaction was used to display the human iron-transfer protein transferrin, a high-affinity ligand for the receptors upregulated in a variety of cancers, on the Qβ VLPs (Banerjee D et al. 2010). Furthermore, the CuAAC reaction was used by the covering of the Qβ VLP surface by polymer chains, to which multiple connections were made, thereby cross-linking protein cage subunits (Manzenrieder et al. 2011). Such polymers extended in vivo circulation lifetime, diminishing nonspecific adsorption or passivating the immune response. The poly(2-oxazoline)s were chosen for the role of such polymers because of their advantageous properties of versatile controlled syntheses by means of living cationic polymerization, aqueous-phase solubility, and chemical stability that made them attractive for a variety of biomedical and materials applications.
Pea
Published in Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett, Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
Another approach to combating neuroinflammation is by inhibiting NAAA responsible for metabolizing PEA. Impellizzeri et al.23 investigated the use of the oxazoline derivative of PEA (PEA-OXA) as an inhibitor of NAAA. Mice with spinal and traumatic brain injuries were treated with PEA-OXA showing reduced histological alterations, behavioral deficits, and improved motor function. The investigators also observed a reduction in glial cell activation, NF-κB, COX-2, TNF-α, inducible NO synthase, and IL-1β. It appears that inhibiting the metabolism of endogenous PEA could be an effective therapeutic choice for patients with TBI and spinal cord injuries.
Biocatalyzed Synthesis of Antidiabetic Drugs
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
To improve the ADME properties of pramlidine, a biocatatalyzed glycosylation protocol was described (Kowalczyk et al., 2014) using endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases (ENGases), enzymes which all cleave the chitobiose core of N-linked glycans (Fairbanks, 2017), but can be used in a reverse mode to attach N-glycans to substrates containing N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) as an ‘acceptor’ handle. In this reverse action, N-glycan oxazolines are used as activated donors. Hence, these authors reported the synthesis of a variety of pramlintide glycoconjugates in which some Asn residues were modified by attaching a carbohydrate moiety, as depicted in Fig. 11.6. Glycosilated pramlintide derivatives.
Ginsenoside Rg3 liposomes regulate tumor microenvironment for the treatment of triple negative breast cancer
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2023
Linan Miao, Hao Ma, Tingjun Dong, Chengcheng Zhao, Tingyu Gao, Tianyi Wu, Huan Xu, Jing Zhang
Oxazoline polymers are usually prepared using cationic ring-opening reactions [24]. The electrophilic reagents were used to initiate the reaction, and the nucleophilic reagents were used to terminate the synthesis process, thus obtaining oxazoline polymers with different side-chain groups and different properties [25]. In this study, Boc-NH-PEOz, where the amino group at one end is protected, can be synthesized using Boc-OTS as initiator and potassium hydroxide/methanol solution as terminator [26]. At the other end, the hydroxyl group underwent esterification with CHM to obtain Boc-NH-PEOz-CHMC, which was further deprotected by Boc and coupled with activated FA to get the final product FPC. In the separation and purification process of Boc-OTS, the recrystallization method was selected first. Ethyl acetate was used as the benign solvent to dissolve the precipitate, and n-hexane was used as the poor solvent to precipitate the product. However, there are still impurities in the product purified by recrystallization. Therefore, the column chromatography method was chosen to separate and purify the product.
Chemical characterization of marijuana blunt smoke by non-targeted chemical analysis
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2020
Theodore P. Klupinski, Erich D. Strozier, Stephanie D. Makselan, Stephanie S. Buehler, Erica N. Peters, Eric A. Lucas, Jerry S. Casbohm, David A. Friedenberg, Andrew J. Landgraf, Aaron J. Frank, Vladimir B. Mikheev, Alexander Ivanov
2-Phenyl-2-oxazoline appears to be mostly an industrial process chemical used in plastics (Levy and Litt 1968), films (Fimberger et al. 2016), and other industrial products. By contrast, mellein occurs in a variety of natural sources, including fungi (Tawfike et al. 2019), temperate plants (Li et al. 2012; Balea et al. 2018), and tropical plants (Shajib et al. 2015). Mellein appears as a volatile flavor component in plant products such as mangoes (Pino 2012; Li et al. 2017) and dehydrated grapes (Rolle et al. 2012). We note that it is possible that the observed detections of mellein in the blunt MSS samples did not result directly from the marijuana but instead resulted from the use of grape-flavored cigarillos as part of the study design, although we also do not know whether the cigarillos were flavored with natural or artificial flavorings. Even though mellein was not detected in the TC MSS samples, which were generated from smoking grape-flavored cigarillos, it is possible that it was formed in the blunt MSS samples from, for example, components of the cigarillo wrappers that degraded during the preparation or smoking of blunts. The uncertainty related to this possibility reflects the complexity in understanding the chemical composition of blunt MSS.
pH and reduction dual-responsive micelles based on novel polyurethanes with detachable poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) shell for controlled release of doxorubicin
Published in Drug Delivery, 2019
Leran Bu, Hena Zhang, Kang Xu, Baixiang Du, Caihong Zhu, Yuling Li
ε-caprolactone (ε-CL, 99%) and Stannous octoate [Sn (Oct)2] were obtained from Alfa Aesar (Shanghai, China). CDI and HDI were obtained from Energy-Chemical (Shanghai, China). 2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline (EtOz-OH, 99%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Shanghai, China), and distilled prior to use. N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dichloromethane, and toluene was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). 1, 4-dithio-d, l-threitol (DTT) was obtained from Merck (Shanghai, China). Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX⋅HCl) was obtained from Beijing ZhongShuo Pharmaceutical Technology Development Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). While the Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium (RPMI-1640, Thermo Fisher Scientific), fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, Australia), and 96-well plates were obtained from Corning Costar (Shanghai, China). 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was purchased from Biosharp (Hefei, China). 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) was purchased from Roche (Shanghai, China). All other chemicals were used as received.