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The Discovery of the GSH Receptor in Hydra and Its Evolutionary Significance
Published in Christopher A. Shaw, Glutathione in the Nervous System, 2018
Data from these earlier investigations established that: The thiol is not required for activation, because ophthalmic acid (γ-Glu-Abu-Gly), norophthalmic acid (γ-Glu-Ala-Gly), and S-methylglutathione (S-Me-GSH) also activated the response (Cliffe and Waley 1958; Lenhoff and Bovaird 1961).Activation of the response requires the intact tripeptide backbone of glutathione, because the just-mentioned tripeptide analogs activated feeding, whereas single or combinations of amino acids and dipeptides did not. Furthermore, a number of tripeptide analogs with large and charged substituents at the sulfhydryl group did not activate, but bound sufficiently to be competitive inhibitors (Lenhoff 1961b; Lenhoff and Bovaird 1961).The receptor has a high affinity for the γ-glutamyl part of the tripeptide because glutamic acid and glutamine were the only amino acids to show competitive inhibition (Lenhoff and Bovaird 1961), and the tripeptide asparthione (β-Asp-Cys-Gly) did not initiate the response (Loomis 1955; Lenhoff and Bovaird, 1961).The α amino of glutathione is probably required for association of glutathione with the receptor (Lenhoff 1961a; Lenhoff and Bovaird 1961).
Dysbiotic human oral microbiota alters systemic metabolism via modulation of gut microbiota in germ-free mice
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2022
Kyoko Yamazaki, Eiji Miyauchi, Tamotsu Kato, Keisuke Sato, Wataru Suda, Takahiro Tsuzuno, Miki Yamada-Hara, Nobuo Sasaki, Hiroshi Ohno, Kazuhisa Yamazaki
Conversely, ophthalmic acid is considered a biomarker for oxidative stress [37], which increases with pathological changes in various organs, including the liver. It was higher in HAO mice than in PAO mice. However, whether the ophthalmic acid levels in HAO mice are due to elevated oxidative stress remains unknown. Moreover, the level of uric acid, a known risk factor for several diseases such as gout, was significantly higher in HAO mice than in PAO mice. Although uric acid expresses inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties depending on its concentration [38], we did not determine the concentrations, and no correlation was observed with particular microbiota.