China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Emollient Esters and Oils
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
John Carson, Kevin F. Gallagher
Ethyl esters are also well known compounds, but again, not as cosmetic ingredients. Ethyl oleate is used as a topical pharmaceutical agent, to enhance the skin penetration of lipophilic active ingredients. A pharmaceutical monograph exists describing the use of ethyl oleate for this purpose. Perhaps the enhanced skin penetration conferred by the unsaturated oleate is the reason the isopropyl esters of unsaturated acids (i.e., isopropyl linoleate) perform poorly in Goldemberg's subjective feel tests. They may penetrate into the skin and not remain at or near the surface to produce a subjective effect.
Olive Oil and Health Benefits
Published in Robert E.C. Wildman, Richard S. Bruno, Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2019
Denis M. Medeiros, Meghan Hampton
Harvesting of olives may influence their nutrient composition. A point worth noting is to not let them over-ripen, as the acidity level will increase too much. If the harvest is too early, there is limited oil in the olive. When the olives turn green, it is a good time to pick them. The acidity and oil content will continue to increase as they turn purple and black. For the most part, the nutrient composition of olives shown in Table 12.1 is representative. One large olive will supply 5.1 Kcal. Most of the caloric value is supplied by fat, followed by carbohydrate and protein. Olive oil is derived from the fresh, ripe fruit and makes up about 20% of the olive by weight. One of the most studied aspects of olives is the fatty acid content, with the oil being a good source of the monounsaturated fatty acid oleate. Oleate may range from 56% to 84% of the fatty acid content.1 Olive oil also contains the saturated fatty acids palmitoleate and stearate in small amounts, the polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleate, and to a small degree linolenate.2 Linoleate may make up 3%–21% of the fatty acid content.1
Radioiodinated Cholesterol as A Radiotracer in Biochemical Studies
Published in William C. Eckelman, Lelio G. Colombetti, Receptor-Binding Radiotracers, 2019
Raymond E. Counsell, Nancy Korn
The enzymatic machinery for both the synthesis and hydrolysis of cholesterol esters is present in the liver. ACAT is found largely in the microsomal fraction of liver homogenates, whereas the esterase is located primarily in the cytoplasm. In the rat, the order of preference for esterification is oleate > palmitate > linoleate.2,3 The esterase, on the other hand, favors both oleate and linoleate followed by palmitate.4 In contrast to rat liver, human liver does not contain cholesterol esterifying systems which operate at a neutral pH. Instead, a reversible cholesterol esterase is observed at acid pH.5 The physiological significance of this enzyme is largely unknown, but two rare diseases, Wolman’s disease6 and cholesterol ester storage disease7 are conditions where abnormal amounts of cholesterol ester accumulate in the liver as a result of a deficiency in cholesterol ester hydrolase.
Oleuropein as a novel topical antipsoriatic nutraceutical: formulation in microemulsion nanocarrier and exploratory clinical appraisal
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Riham I. El-Gogary, Maha H. Ragai, Noha Moftah, Maha Nasr
The permeation of drugs across the psoriatic skin is a very challenging process, owing to the high incidence of thickening and inflammation [70]. As shown in Figure 1, the total percent deposition of oleuropein in ethyl oleate control was 26.60%, while the two microemulsion formulations succeeded in depositing the drug in the different skin layers, with the water in oil formulation OME1 being superior to the oil in water formulation OME2, with a total percent oleuropein deposition of 95.67% with the former compared to 53.78% with the latter, and the percentages of oleuropein remaining on the surface of the skin (unpermeated) were 4.33% and 46.22%, respectively. This came in accordance with other authors [71], highlighting that the overall lipophilicity of microemulsions (45% oil phase in OME1 compared to 10% in OME2) favors topical skin deposition. Worthy to note is that no drug was detected in the receptor compartment after 24 h, hence proving the high topical deposition rather than transdermal delivery of the prepared microemulsions, in contrary to what was obtained with the hydrophilic drug betahistine [55], which is probably ascribed to the high molecular weight of oleuropein. The UV spectroscopic analysis was suitable for quantification of the drug in presence of skin matrix, as also delineated by other authors [72–74].
Development and characterization of exendin-4 loaded self-nanoemulsifying system and in vitro evaluation on Caco-2 cell line
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2020
Yesim Aktas, Merve Celik Tekeli, Nevin Celebi
In this study exendin-4 and exendin-4/chymostatin loaded SNEDDS were prepared. Chymostatin which is a chymotripsin inhibitor was added to formulation to prevent the degradation of exendin-4 by intestinal chymotrypsin activity. Ethyl oleate which is long-chain triglyceride was used as oil phase due to the fact that long-chain lipids are less susceptible to lipolysis than other lipids (Zupančič et al. 2016). Whereas Cremophor EL® which has high emulsification ability and Labrasol® which facilitates intestinal absorption via opening of tight connections in the intestinal membrane were used as surfactant. Propylene glycol and absolute ethanol which increase the viscosity of the intermolecular film were selected as the co-solvent for preparation of the SNEDDS. Cytotoxicity and intestinal permeability studies were performed on Caco-2 cell line. Additionally, lipolysis study is performed in order to evaluate the effect of lipase enzymes on the exendin-4 and exendin-4/chymostatin loaded SNEDDS.
Dietary fish oil, and to a lesser extent the fat-1 transgene, increases astrocyte activation in response to intracerebroventricular amyloid-β 1–40 in mice
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Kathryn E. Hopperton, Nicholas C. E James, Dana Mohammad, Maha Irfan, Richard P. Bazinet
Fat-1 and wild-type mice fed the fish oil diet (WTFO) mice were not different from one another in total hippocampal n-3 or n-6 PUFA, both having 64% higher levels total n-3 PUFA, and 26% lower levels of total n-6 PUFA than the wild-type mice fed the safflower oil diet (WTSO). Significant main effects of genotype/diet group were identified for oleate (18:1n-9), linoleic acid (18:2n-6), 20:2n-6, 20:3n-6, arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6), 22:4n-6, docosapentaenoic acid n-6 (22:5n-6), EPA (20:5n-3), and DHA (22:6n-3). A significant main effect of surgery was identified for myristic acid (14:0). In the post hoc tests, both fat-1 and WTFO mice had significantly higher hippocampal DHA and oleate (18:1n-9) as a molar percentage of fatty acids than WTSO mice, and significantly lower 20:2n-6, 20:3n-6, 22:4n-6, and 22:5n-6, with no significant differences between them (Fig. 1). Fat-1 mice had significantly lower levels of ARA as a percentage of fatty acids than WTSO mice, while WTFO mice were significantly lower than both WTSO and fat-1 mice. Fat-1 mice also had a significantly higher level of EPA than WTSO mice, with WTFO mice having significantly higher levels than both the fat-1 and WTSO mice. The differences between fat-1 and WTFO mice were small, 0.8% of total fatty acids for ARA and 0.04% for EPA.